<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<rss version="2.0"
	xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/"
	xmlns:wfw="http://wellformedweb.org/CommentAPI/"
	xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"
	xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"
	xmlns:sy="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/syndication/"
	xmlns:slash="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/slash/"
	xmlns:georss="http://www.georss.org/georss" xmlns:geo="http://www.w3.org/2003/01/geo/wgs84_pos#" xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/"
	>

<channel>
	<title>Thoda's world</title>
	<atom:link href="http://thodaworld.wordpress.com/feed/" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
	<link>http://thodaworld.wordpress.com</link>
	<description></description>
	<lastBuildDate>Tue, 01 Aug 2006 14:53:26 +0000</lastBuildDate>
	<language></language>
	<sy:updatePeriod>hourly</sy:updatePeriod>
	<sy:updateFrequency>1</sy:updateFrequency>
	<generator>http://wordpress.com/</generator>
<cloud domain='thodaworld.wordpress.com' port='80' path='/?rsscloud=notify' registerProcedure='' protocol='http-post' />
<image>
		<url>http://s2.wp.com/i/buttonw-com.png</url>
		<title>Thoda's world</title>
		<link>http://thodaworld.wordpress.com</link>
	</image>
	<atom:link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="http://thodaworld.wordpress.com/osd.xml" title="Thoda&#039;s world" />
	<atom:link rel='hub' href='http://thodaworld.wordpress.com/?pushpress=hub'/>
		<item>
		<title>Gọi anh</title>
		<link>http://thodaworld.wordpress.com/2006/08/01/g%e1%bb%8di-anh/</link>
		<comments>http://thodaworld.wordpress.com/2006/08/01/g%e1%bb%8di-anh/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 01 Aug 2006 14:53:26 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>thodaworld</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Listen]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://thodaworld.wordpress.com/2006/08/01/g%e1%bb%8di-anh/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Sao chẳng đến cùng em Con sông khuya buồn lắm Không thể hát trong đêm vắng lặng Em chỉ biết thương anh vô cùng Anh hãy đến cùng em Cơn mưa đêm lạnh lắm Không thể nói khi anh im lặng Em thầm nhắc tên anh trong lòng Gọi anhGọi anh Gọi anh giữa mùa [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=thodaworld.wordpress.com&amp;blog=16514&amp;post=86&amp;subd=thodaworld&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<blockquote cite="http://yeuamnhac.com/music/showthread.php?p=4759064"><p>Sao chẳng đến cùng em<br />
Con sông khuya buồn lắm<br />
Không thể hát trong đêm vắng lặng<br />
Em chỉ biết thương anh vô cùng <br />
Anh hãy đến cùng em<br />
Cơn mưa đêm lạnh lắm<br />
Không thể nói khi anh im lặng<br />
Em thầm nhắc tên anh trong lòng <br />
Gọi anhGọi anh Gọi anh giữa mùa đông giá lạnh<br />
Để nghe sớm mùa xuân bừng sáng<br />
Gọi anh lúc hè sang nắng đổ<br />
Để nghe sớm mùa thu đầy gió<br />
Thương anh, thương anh<br />
Thương anh, thương anh vô cùng<br />
Thương anh, thương anh<br />
Thương anh vô cùng</p>
<p><a href="http://nhacso.net/Music/Song/Tru-Tinh/2006/05/05F6131B/">http://nhacso.net/Music/Song/Tru-Tinh/2006/05/05F6131B/</a></p>
</blockquote></p>
<br /><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/categories/thodaworld.wordpress.com/86/" /> <img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/tags/thodaworld.wordpress.com/86/" /> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gocomments/thodaworld.wordpress.com/86/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/comments/thodaworld.wordpress.com/86/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godelicious/thodaworld.wordpress.com/86/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/delicious/thodaworld.wordpress.com/86/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gofacebook/thodaworld.wordpress.com/86/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/facebook/thodaworld.wordpress.com/86/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gotwitter/thodaworld.wordpress.com/86/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/twitter/thodaworld.wordpress.com/86/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gostumble/thodaworld.wordpress.com/86/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/stumble/thodaworld.wordpress.com/86/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godigg/thodaworld.wordpress.com/86/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/digg/thodaworld.wordpress.com/86/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/goreddit/thodaworld.wordpress.com/86/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/reddit/thodaworld.wordpress.com/86/" /></a> <img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=thodaworld.wordpress.com&amp;blog=16514&amp;post=86&amp;subd=thodaworld&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://thodaworld.wordpress.com/2006/08/01/g%e1%bb%8di-anh/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>1</slash:comments>
	
		<media:content url="http://0.gravatar.com/avatar/407bfd8dc5f921caa4b9cdd9bf3c89ae?s=96&#38;d=identicon&#38;r=G" medium="image">
			<media:title type="html">thodaworld</media:title>
		</media:content>
	</item>
		<item>
		<title>Fisichella, la pole de l&#8217;espoir</title>
		<link>http://thodaworld.wordpress.com/2006/03/18/fisichella-la-pole-de-lespoir/</link>
		<comments>http://thodaworld.wordpress.com/2006/03/18/fisichella-la-pole-de-lespoir/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 18 Mar 2006 10:40:10 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>thodaworld</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Read]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://thodaworld.wordpress.com/2006/03/18/fisichella-la-pole-de-lespoir/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Giancarlo Fisichella a frapp&#233; un joli coup en signant la pole position du Grand Prix de Malaisie. Le pilote Renault, plut&#244;t malchanceux ces derniers temps retrouve provisoirement le sourire Sports.fr &#8211; Infos sport, Sport en direct, le sport en live &#160; &#160;<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=thodaworld.wordpress.com&amp;blog=16514&amp;post=47&amp;subd=thodaworld&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<blockquote cite="http://sports.fr/"><p>Giancarlo Fisichella a frapp&eacute; un joli coup en signant la pole position du Grand Prix de Malaisie. Le pilote Renault, plut&ocirc;t malchanceux ces derniers temps retrouve provisoirement le sourire</p></blockquote>
<p><cite><a href="http://sports.fr/">Sports.fr &#8211; Infos sport, Sport en direct, le sport en live</a></cite></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<br /><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/categories/thodaworld.wordpress.com/47/" /> <img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/tags/thodaworld.wordpress.com/47/" /> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gocomments/thodaworld.wordpress.com/47/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/comments/thodaworld.wordpress.com/47/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godelicious/thodaworld.wordpress.com/47/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/delicious/thodaworld.wordpress.com/47/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gofacebook/thodaworld.wordpress.com/47/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/facebook/thodaworld.wordpress.com/47/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gotwitter/thodaworld.wordpress.com/47/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/twitter/thodaworld.wordpress.com/47/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gostumble/thodaworld.wordpress.com/47/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/stumble/thodaworld.wordpress.com/47/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godigg/thodaworld.wordpress.com/47/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/digg/thodaworld.wordpress.com/47/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/goreddit/thodaworld.wordpress.com/47/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/reddit/thodaworld.wordpress.com/47/" /></a> <img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=thodaworld.wordpress.com&amp;blog=16514&amp;post=47&amp;subd=thodaworld&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://thodaworld.wordpress.com/2006/03/18/fisichella-la-pole-de-lespoir/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
	
		<media:content url="http://0.gravatar.com/avatar/407bfd8dc5f921caa4b9cdd9bf3c89ae?s=96&#38;d=identicon&#38;r=G" medium="image">
			<media:title type="html">thodaworld</media:title>
		</media:content>
	</item>
		<item>
		<title>Cai gia cua su that</title>
		<link>http://thodaworld.wordpress.com/2006/01/09/cai-gia-cua-su-that/</link>
		<comments>http://thodaworld.wordpress.com/2006/01/09/cai-gia-cua-su-that/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 09 Jan 2006 11:44:15 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>thodaworld</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Life]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Read]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://thodaworld.wordpress.com/2006/01/09/cai-gia-cua-su-that/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Nhà báo Han lật tẩy giáo sư Hwang Một sinh viên &#38;Dstrok;ại h?c Quốc gia Seoul (phải) &#38;dstrok;ã khóc sau khi&#160; GS Hwang Woo Suk xin lỗi vào ngày 23-12 là &#38;dstrok;ã ngụy tạo kết quả nghiên cứu tế bào mầm và xin rút kh?i chức danh giáo sư &#38;dstrok;ại h?c này TT &#8211; Với [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=thodaworld.wordpress.com&amp;blog=16514&amp;post=46&amp;subd=thodaworld&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Nhà báo Han lật tẩy giáo sư Hwang</p>
<p>
<table align="right" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="40">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><img src="http://www.tuoitre.com.vn/Tianyon/ImageView.aspx?ThumbnailID=109341" border="1" height="160" hspace="0" width="200" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Một sinh viên &amp;Dstrok;ại h?c Quốc gia Seoul (<em>phải</em>) &amp;dstrok;ã khóc sau khi&nbsp; GS Hwang Woo Suk xin lỗi vào ngày 23-12 là &amp;dstrok;ã ngụy tạo kết quả nghiên cứu tế bào mầm và xin rút kh?i chức danh giáo sư &amp;dstrok;ại h?c này</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>TT &#8211; Với nhà báo Han Hak Soo, 36 tuổi &#8211; một tên tuổi &amp;dstrok;ầu n&amp;abreve;m 2005 còn xa lạ với nhi?u ngư?i Hàn Quốc &#8211; thì n&amp;abreve;m 2005 vừa qua là một n&amp;abreve;m &amp;dstrok;ầy sóng gió không thua gì &amp;dstrok;ối với nhà khoa h?c bị phế truất Hwang Woo Suk. </p>
<p>Chỉ có khác là hai ngư?i ở hai chiến tuyến &amp;dstrok;ối nghịch nhau. Gi? &amp;dstrok;ây ở Hàn Quốc ai c&amp;utilde;ng biết anh là tác giả loạt tài liệu vạch trần sự thật v? &#8220;công trình&#8221; của giáo sư Hwang và &amp;dstrok;ã phải chấp nhận nhi?u thử thách, kể cả sự &amp;dstrok;e d?a tính mạng mình và ngư?i thân.</p>
<p>Cuộc chiến giữa nhà khoa h?c và nhà báo</p>
<p>M?i việc bắt &amp;dstrok;ầu vào ngày 19-5, khi nhóm 60 nhà khoa h?c Hàn Quốc do giáo sư (GS) Hwang Woo Suk dẫn &amp;dstrok;ầu tuyên bố h? &amp;dstrok;ã nhân bản thành công tế bào mầm. Khi &amp;dstrok;ó, tên tuổi GS Hwang Woo Suk &amp;dstrok;ã quá quen thuộc với ngư?i Hàn Quốc: chính nhóm của ông hồi tháng 2-2004 &amp;dstrok;ã nhân bản thành công phôi ngư?i; sau &amp;dstrok;ó, &amp;dstrok;ầu n&amp;abreve;m 2005, nhóm ông Hwang tuyên bố &amp;dstrok;ã nhân bản thành công chú chó &amp;dstrok;ầu tiên. </p>
<p>Vì thế mà không có gì khó hiểu khi Hàn Quốc, một cư?ng quốc kinh tế châu ? &amp;dstrok;ang muốn khẳng &amp;dstrok;ịnh mình trong l&amp;itilde;nh vực công nghệ sinh h?c &#8211; Chính phủ Hàn Quốc &amp;dstrok;ã &amp;dstrok;ầu tư từ 2 tỉ won (2 triệu USD) &amp;dstrok;ến 3 tỉ won mỗi n&amp;abreve;m cho nghiên cứu của nhóm GS Hwang &#8211; coi thành công mới nhất của nhóm GS Hwang là một tự hào chấn &amp;dstrok;ộng. Ngay lập tức, nhi?u bài báo v? ích lợi của phương pháp &amp;dstrok;i?u trị bằng tế bào mầm &amp;dstrok;ược tung ra, kèm theo &amp;dstrok;ó là chân dung nhà khoa h?c Hwang Woo Suk. </p>
<p>Theo báo chí Seoul, &amp;dstrok;ó là một tấm gương thành công &amp;dstrok;iển hình: một nhà khoa h?c xuất thân từ một gia &amp;dstrok;ình nông dân nghèo mà bà mẹ của ông &amp;dstrok;ã một mình nuôi sáu ngư?i con nên ngư?i. “Tấm gương lao &amp;dstrok;ộng xả thân, miệt mài của bà mẹ &amp;dstrok;ã &amp;dstrok;ộng viên nhà khoa h?c Hwang, ngư?i còn luôn ngh&amp;itilde; v? những bệnh nhân mỗi khi quá mệt m?i trước công trình &amp;dstrok;ầy khó kh&amp;abreve;n này?, một trong những bài báo viết v? GS Hwang khi ấy từng xưng tụng. </p>
<p>Thành công của GS Hwang lớn &amp;dstrok;ến nỗi không chỉ &amp;dstrok;ồng bào ông tự hào. Nó còn dấy lên một cuộc tranh luận sôi nổi ở Mỹ, khiến các nghị s&amp;itilde; Mỹ hồi tháng sáu n&amp;abreve;m ngoái c&amp;utilde;ng &amp;dstrok;ã yêu cầu Tổng thống George Bush chấp thuận t&amp;abreve;ng ngân sách cho công tác nghiên cứu tế bào gốc mà ngư?i Mỹ &amp;dstrok;ã bắt &amp;dstrok;ầu chậm chân!</p>
<p>Thế nhưng, ngay trong những ngày ngư?i Hàn Quốc ngây ngất trước thành công khoa h?c mà tới cuối n&amp;abreve;m qua còn &amp;dstrok;ược nhi?u tạp chí khoa h?c hàng &amp;dstrok;ầu thế giới &amp;dstrok;ánh giá là thành tựu lớn nhất trong n&amp;abreve;m; &amp;dstrok;ã có những nguồn mật báo tới &amp;dstrok;ài truy?n hình MBC (Hàn Quốc). </p>
<p>Một số cựu thành viên trong nhóm GS Hwang hé lộ cho MBC khả n&amp;abreve;ng có những sai phạm trong nghiên cứu của nhóm Gs Hwang. Han Hak Soo là một trong những nhà báo không th? ơ với nguồn tin này, mặc dù như anh thừa nhận sau này: “&amp;Dstrok;ầu tiên tôi chẳng tin l?i h? nói. Nhưng tôi không thể b? qua những l?i mách nước này bởi &amp;dstrok;ó là những nguồn tin &amp;dstrok;áng tin cậy và trung thực?. </p>
<p>Han không phải là một nhà báo trong l&amp;itilde;nh vực khoa h?c. Lý lịch ngh? nghiệp của anh chỉ &amp;dstrok;áng chú ý ở &amp;dstrok;iểm anh &amp;dstrok;ã nhận nhi?u giải thưởng, trong &amp;dstrok;ó có giải thưởng báo chí &amp;dstrok;i?u tra của Hiệp hội các nghiên cứu thông tin và liên lạc của Hàn Quốc n&amp;abreve;m 2003. Tuy nhiên, trước hào quang của GS Hwang, Han gần như là một vô danh tiểu tốt.</p>
<p>10 ngày &#8220;cân não&#8221;</p>
<p>Han lao vào việc nghiên cứu l&amp;itilde;nh vực tế bào mầm. Anh &amp;dstrok;?c &amp;dstrok;i &amp;dstrok;?c lại bài báo v? công trình của GS Hwang &amp;dstrok;&amp;abreve;ng trên tạp chí&nbsp; khoa h?c uy tín thế giới Science hàng tr&amp;abreve;m lần sau khi &amp;dstrok;ã nằm lòng tất cả những dữ kiện khoa h?c liên quan tới công nghệ. “Lúc &amp;dstrok;ầu tôi &amp;dstrok;?c mà chẳng hiểu gì, nhưng gi?&nbsp; thì tôi &amp;dstrok;ã nắm rất chắc l&amp;itilde;nh vực này? &#8211; Han kể. Bằng nhi?u thủ pháp ngh? nghiệp anh &amp;dstrok;ã phát hiện những tố giác trên là chính xác. </p>
<p>Tháng 11-2005. Chương trình “PD Notebook? trên truy?n hình Hàn Quốc MBC tung ra loạt phóng sự cáo buộc công trình của GS Hwang là giả mạo. Vào th?i &amp;dstrok;iểm &amp;dstrok;ó, việc tố cáo một nhân vật &amp;dstrok;ược xưng tụng như một ngư?i hùng của Hàn Quốc không phải là chuyện &amp;dstrok;ơn giản. Nhi?u nhà quảng cáo lớn rút kh?i “gi? vàng? trên &amp;Dstrok;ài truy?n hình Hàn Quốc MBC. </p>
<p>Hơn 2.000 email giận dữ &amp;dstrok;ổ ngập website MBC, chỉ trích &amp;dstrok;ài này &amp;dstrok;ủ tội, từ “phản quốc? tới “giật gân câu khách?. Ngay cả Tổng thống Roh Moo Hyun c&amp;utilde;ng thừa nhận: “Tôi c&amp;utilde;ng khó chịu vì phóng sự của MBC?. </p>
<p>M?i chuyện thêm rối ren sau khi một số thành viên nhóm nghiên cứu của ông Hwang tố cáo&nbsp; Han có những biện pháp tác nghiệp vi phạm &amp;dstrok;ạo &amp;dstrok;ức ngh? nghiệp. MBC ngày 4-12 phải tạm hoãn chương trình“PD Notebook? sau khi chính thức xin lỗi những nhà khoa h?c trên và khán giả Hàn Quốc. Tuy &amp;dstrok;ã &#8220;xuống nước&#8221; như thế, MBC c&amp;utilde;ng không ng&amp;abreve;n &amp;dstrok;ược những hàng ngư?i thay phiên nhau thắp nến hàng &amp;dstrok;êm trước &amp;dstrok;ài truy?n hình thể hiện sự ủng hộ GS Hwang.</p>
<p>
<table align="right" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="5" width="200">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#cfe6f9" valign="center">
<p><font color="#686868"></font><font color="#fafafa"></font><font color="#000000">Trong bài báo phát sóng, Han phát hiện những tế bào mà nhóm GS Hwang &amp;dstrok;ưa ra không phải là tế bào mầm &amp;dstrok;ược nhân bản thành công dùng &amp;dstrok;ể chữa bệnh, mà chỉ là các tế bào mầm lấy từ một bệnh viện phụ sản. </font></p>
<p><font color="#686868"></font><font color="#fafafa"></font><font color="#000000">Bài báo của Han &amp;dstrok;ược tái khẳng &amp;dstrok;ịnh những ngày sau &amp;dstrok;ó, khi các nhà &amp;dstrok;i?u tra tại &amp;Dstrok;ại h?c Quốc gia Seoul c&amp;utilde;ng xác nhận nhóm của GS Hwang không tạo ra &amp;dstrok;ược các tế bào mầm. Sau này, Han nhớ lại: &#8220;Chính tôi c&amp;utilde;ng sững s? trước các phát hiện của mình. Lúc &amp;dstrok;ầu tôi chỉ ngh&amp;itilde; là ông Hwang phóng &amp;dstrok;ại nghiên cứu của mình. Vậy mà cuối cùng, chẳng một tế bào nào trong số &amp;dstrok;ó là tồn tại&#8221;.</font> </p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Bên ngoài &amp;dstrok;ài truy?n hình là thế, còn bên trong tại phòng của chương trình “PD Notebook?, các nhà báo &amp;dstrok;ứng ngồi không yên. “Tôi sợ rằng sự thật sẽ bị vùi chôn v&amp;itilde;nh viễn. 10 ngày trước khi chương trình “PD Notebook? &amp;dstrok;ược nối lại vào 15-12, mỗi ngày với tôi dài như một n&amp;abreve;m? &#8211; nhà báo Han kể lại. </p>
<p>Bởi lúc &amp;dstrok;ó, cơ hội &amp;dstrok;ể tung hết loạt phóng sự &amp;dstrok;i?u tra lên truy?n hình mỗi ngày một mong manh. Han ngh&amp;itilde; tới chuyện &amp;dstrok;ệ trình hết bằng chứng của mình lên cho các công tố viên và &amp;dstrok;òi mở cuộc &amp;dstrok;i?u tra các cáo buộc của anh. “Có lúc tôi còn ngh&amp;itilde; tới chuyện mở một cuộc h?p báo tại v&amp;abreve;n phòng công tố?. </p>
<p>Han dám làm thế bởi anh nắm trong tay nhi?u bằng chứng thuyết phục, trong &amp;dstrok;ó có l?i khai của Kim Seon Jong. Kim là một nhà khoa h?c thành viên trong nhóm của nhà nghiên cứu Hwang, ngư?i &amp;dstrok;óng vai trò then chốt thực hiện một hồ sơ nghiên cứu giả v? các tế bào mầm &amp;dstrok;ược tạo ra.</p>
<p>Ban giám &amp;dstrok;ốc MBC, sau 10 ngày tranh luận v? việc có nên tiếp tục phát sóng những gì h? nắm &amp;dstrok;ược hay không và &amp;dstrok;ã quyết &amp;dstrok;ịnh &amp;dstrok;i tới cùng. Han ph? phạc thở phào: “Tôi rất cảm kích trước quyết &amp;dstrok;ịnh &amp;dstrok;ó?. Vấn &amp;dstrok;? còn lại là khi nào phát sóng một chương trình từng &amp;dstrok;ang “ngồi trên lửa? do &amp;dstrok;ã bị cáo buộc vi phạm &amp;dstrok;ạo &amp;dstrok;ức ngh? nghiệp. </p>
<p>May mắn bất ng? xuất hiện khi một trợ lý khác của Hwang là Roh Sung Il vào ngày 15-12 vạch trần việc nhà khoa h?c Hwang &amp;dstrok;ã ngụy tạo dữ liệu trong các nghiên cứu của ông ta. Ngay lập tức MBC bật &amp;dstrok;èn xanh cho việc phát sóng phóng sự vào tối cùng ngày.</p>
<p>Cái giá của sự thật </p>
<p>&amp;Dstrok;ể công bố &amp;dstrok;ược sự thật tới ngư?i Hàn Quốc, Han và các &amp;dstrok;ồng nghiệp &amp;dstrok;ã chịu rất nhi?u áp lực. Trước nhất là bài báo của GS Hwang &amp;dstrok;ã &amp;dstrok;ược &amp;dstrok;&amp;abreve;ng trên một tạp chí &amp;dstrok;áng kính là Science có lịch sử 125 n&amp;abreve;m. </p>
<p>Tiếp &amp;dstrok;ó là làn sóng chống &amp;dstrok;ối từ trong chính các &amp;dstrok;ồng nghiệp trong nước, vốn không tiếc l?i xưng tụng GS Hwang suốt sáu n&amp;abreve;m qua. “Tôi ch? h? &amp;dstrok;ập tôi. Bởi những bài báo trước &amp;dstrok;ó của h? hóa ra &amp;dstrok;ã viết sai?. Nhưng nỗi sợ lớn hơn là công chúng, những ngư?i xem GS Hwang là ngư?i hùng dân tộc. “Tôi ngh&amp;itilde; mình có thể bị h? lên án kể cả khi tôi &amp;dstrok;ưa bằng chứng cụ thể?. </p>
<p>Và nỗi sợ &amp;dstrok;ó &amp;dstrok;ã trở thành sự thật. Han &amp;dstrok;ã nhận &amp;dstrok;ược không ít những cú &amp;dstrok;iện thoại lẫn tin nhắn &amp;dstrok;e d?a. Anh phải thuê vệ s&amp;itilde; theo mình sát gót, trong khi cho vợ và &amp;dstrok;ứa con gái 6 tuổi &amp;dstrok;i trốn do hình ảnh gia &amp;dstrok;ình anh bị tung lên mạng. Giới khoa h?c thì chỉ trích báo giới dám nhúng tay vào những thành tựu khoa h?c cao sâu.</p>
<p>H? khẳng &amp;dstrok;ịnh các công trình khoa h?c chỉ có thể &amp;dstrok;ược kiểm nghiệm bởi các nhà khoa h?c, chứ không phải báo giới vốn không có chuyên môn trong l&amp;itilde;nh vực quá chuyên này.</p>
<p>Han Hak Soo, với bản tính quyết liệt của mình, thì khẳng &amp;dstrok;ịnh: “Không có nơi nào là quá tôn nghiêm cho truy?n thông?. Theo anh, kể cả &amp;dstrok;?n thiêng khoa h?c c&amp;utilde;ng không thể tránh sự giám sát của báo giới vốn là “tai mắt của nhân dân?. </p>
<p>TRẦN &amp;Dstrok;ỨC THÀNH (Theo <em>Korea Herald, Korea Times, Reuters</em>)</p>
<p>
<p><a href="http://www.tuoitre.com.vn/Tianyon/Index.aspx?ArticleID=117584&amp;ChannelID=3">Tuổi Trẻ Online</a></p>
<p></p>
<br /><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/categories/thodaworld.wordpress.com/46/" /> <img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/tags/thodaworld.wordpress.com/46/" /> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gocomments/thodaworld.wordpress.com/46/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/comments/thodaworld.wordpress.com/46/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godelicious/thodaworld.wordpress.com/46/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/delicious/thodaworld.wordpress.com/46/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gofacebook/thodaworld.wordpress.com/46/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/facebook/thodaworld.wordpress.com/46/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gotwitter/thodaworld.wordpress.com/46/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/twitter/thodaworld.wordpress.com/46/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gostumble/thodaworld.wordpress.com/46/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/stumble/thodaworld.wordpress.com/46/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godigg/thodaworld.wordpress.com/46/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/digg/thodaworld.wordpress.com/46/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/goreddit/thodaworld.wordpress.com/46/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/reddit/thodaworld.wordpress.com/46/" /></a> <img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=thodaworld.wordpress.com&amp;blog=16514&amp;post=46&amp;subd=thodaworld&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://thodaworld.wordpress.com/2006/01/09/cai-gia-cua-su-that/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
	
		<media:content url="http://0.gravatar.com/avatar/407bfd8dc5f921caa4b9cdd9bf3c89ae?s=96&#38;d=identicon&#38;r=G" medium="image">
			<media:title type="html">thodaworld</media:title>
		</media:content>

		<media:content url="http://www.tuoitre.com.vn/Tianyon/ImageView.aspx?ThumbnailID=109341" medium="image" />
	</item>
		<item>
		<title>Blayau choisit Lacombe</title>
		<link>http://thodaworld.wordpress.com/2005/12/28/blayau-choisit-lacombe/</link>
		<comments>http://thodaworld.wordpress.com/2005/12/28/blayau-choisit-lacombe/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 28 Dec 2005 08:49:05 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>thodaworld</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Life]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Read]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://thodaworld.wordpress.com/2005/12/28/blayau-choisit-lacombe/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Cette fois, c&#8217;est la bonne ! Annoncé un peu partout l&#8217;été dernier, Guy Lacombe a été nommé entraîneur du Paris-SG à la place de Laurent Fournier. Le président du club parisien Pierre Blayau a confirmé l&#8217;information ce mardi lors d&#8217;une conférence de presse au Parc des princes, mettant un terme à un feuilleton qui aura [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=thodaworld.wordpress.com&amp;blog=16514&amp;post=45&amp;subd=thodaworld&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>			<b>Cette fois, c&#8217;est la bonne ! Annoncé un peu partout l&#8217;été dernier, Guy Lacombe a été nommé entraîneur du <a href="http://sports.fr/fr/football/equipes/psg_23.html">Paris-SG</a> <a href="http://sports.fr/fr/cmc/football/200552/cmc_82550.html">à la place de Laurent Fournier</a>. Le président du club parisien Pierre Blayau a confirmé l&#8217;information ce mardi lors d&#8217;une conférence de presse au Parc des princes, mettant un terme à un feuilleton qui aura animé la fin d&#8217;année du côté de la capitale, au moment où le PSG était pourtant loin d&#8217;être au plus mal sportivement. Ce qui rendra la tâche de l&#8217;ancien coach de Sochaux d&#8217;autant plus ardue&#8230;</b> </p>
<p>Nul doute que Laurent Fournier ne se consolera pas avec cela, mais il pourra toujours se dire qu&#8217;il ne détiendra pas le record du plus court séjour à la tête de l&#8217;équipe première du Paris-SG depuis que Canal + en a pris les commandes. Alain Giresse, arrivé dans les valises de Charles Biétry en 1998, ne sera en effet resté que quatre mois dans la capitale, Laurent Fournier aura de son côté tenu neuf mois. Mais les situations ne sont pas vraiment comparables, car là où «Gigi» présentait un bilan sportif négatif avec notamment une élimination en Coupe d&#8217;Europe contre le Maccabi Haïfa, l&#8217;ancien joueur de Lyon, Saint-Etienne, Paris et Marseille quitte le PSG avec une sixième place honorable, à un point seulement du deuxième, Lens.</p>
<p>Comment alors expliquer son renvoi à la veille de la reprise de l&#8217;entraînement ? Le patron du PSG, Pierre Blayau, avait donné une première indication au lendemain de la victoire sur Rennes début décembre (2-0), expliquant, à propos du sort de celui qu&#8217;il avait pourtant confirmé en fin de saison dernière: <i>&#8220;Il faut qu&#8217;on se pose la question tous ensemble. Il est de mon devoir de regarder ce qu&#8217;on peut faire pour la seconde partie de saison. Mon objectif, c&#8217;est la deuxième place. Je veux donner au club et aux joueurs les moyens de terminer deuxièmes.&#8221;</i> Des moyens dont ne disposait plus à ses yeux Laurent Fournier, d&#8217;où sa décision de s&#8217;en séparer, confirmée en ce glacial après-midi d&#8217;hiver au siège du club, lors d&#8217;une conférence de presse qui aura rameuté la grande foule au Parc des princes.</p>
<p><b><i>&#8220;Où est passée la première place ?&#8221;</i></b></p>
<p>Après les traditionnels remerciements à l&#8217;intéressé, <i>&#8220;un homme honnête qui a foi dans le football et a su relever le défi de Francis Graille en sortant le PSG d&#8217;une situation difficile l&#8217;an dernier&#8221;</i> et qui s&#8217;est vu proposer de <i>&#8220;rester dans le club pour remplir des tâches dans tous les domaines de la vie du club car il a un crédit sur le PSG&#8221;</i>, Pierre Blayau s&#8217;est donc lancé dans une délicate explication de texte, estimant avoir donné à plusieurs reprises sa chance à Fournier, notamment après Rennes <i>&#8220;en indiquant dans la presse l&#8217;enjeu des déplacements à Ajaccio et Toulouse.&#8221;</i> </p>
<p>Pour l&#8217;ex-président du Stade Rennais, le classement honorable de l&#8217;équipe de la capitale ne masquait plus certaines insuffisances: <i>&#8220;Je pense que nous avons montré des faiblesses structurelles et même une tendance très médiocre ces derniers mois, avec notamment beaucoup de défaites à l&#8217;extérieur. On a été battus par tous les gros à l&#8217;extérieur.&#8221;</i> Outre ces résultats négatifs loin du Parc, Pierre Blayau n&#8217;a visiblement guère goûté la manière dont l&#8217;équipe évoluait, bien loin de sa conception du football. <i>&#8220;Je ne peux pas me contenter de regarder les matches dans la tribune officielle sans porter de jugement. Pourquoi fermer les yeux sur des éléments d&#8217;analyse technique ? Nous sommes certes sixièmes à un point, mais en ce qui concerne le jeu, on se situe à un autre niveau.&#8221;</i> </p>
<p>Même le classement ne trouve plus grâce aux yeux du président du PSG qui ajoute: <i>&#8220;Aujourd&#8217;hui, j&#8217;ai le sentiment que le PSG n&#8217;est pas au rendez-vous de nos objectifs, nous sommes sixièmes à un point du deuxième, mais où est passée la première place ? Même si j&#8217;ai plein d&#8217;admiration pour le travail effectué par messieurs Aulas et Houllier à Lyon, le PSG ne peut pas se contenter d&#8217;y renoncer si tôt.&#8221;</i></p>
<p><b><i>&#8220;Une nouvelle saison&#8221;</i></b></p>
<p>Et Pierre Blayau, féru de voile, de conclure sur le sujet par une métaphore nautique: <i>&#8220;Dans un tour du monde, on peut passer le cap de Bonne-Espérance en tête, mais il reste encore le Cap Horn à franchir avant d&#8217;arriver aux Sables-d&#8217;Olonne. Nous avons bien démarré cette course, mais j&#8217;ai l&#8217;impression que derrière, ça revient fort. Le PSG pioche depuis une dizaine de journées, il nous faut retrouver le bon cap, refaire les réglages et redonner de la vitesse au bateau.&#8221;</i> Avec donc un nouveau capitaine nommé Guy Lacombe, qui se voit confier la barre d&#8217;un bateau dont les marins soutenaient pourtant l&#8217;ex-skipper Laurent Fournier. <i>&#8220;Je me suis réjoui qu&#8217;ils se sentent concernés après mes déclarations de Rennes,</i> leur rétorque Blayau, <i>mais les résultats à Ajaccio et Toulouse n&#8217;ont pas été en cohérence avec ce qu&#8217;ils ont dit. A un moment, les joueurs doivent se demander s&#8217;ils veulent jouer en Ligue des champions les mercredis soirs à Santiago-Bernabeu, San Siro ou Munich, ou juste le samedi soir au stade de la Route de Lorient. Ils ont eu une réaction noble mais leurs ambitions doivent aller au-delà de la sixième place.&#8221;</i></p>
<p>De l&#8217;ambition, Pierre Blayau semble donc en déborder, lui qui avait souhaité voir Paul Le Guen prendre la barre du navire parisien. <i>&#8220;Il a refusé nos offres&#8221;</i>, a reconnu le président du PSG qui a &#8220;noyé le poisson&#8221; sur le cas Didier Deschamps, lui aussi contacté, avant d&#8217;affirmer haut et fort que <i>&#8220;Guy Lacombe n&#8217;est pas un entraîneur par défaut, il a l&#8217;envie, la foi et l&#8217;enthousiasme, un palmarès qui parle pour lui, un vécu et un passé professionnels, j&#8217;ai tout lieu de penser qu&#8217;il a l&#8217;étoffe.&#8221;</i> </p>
<p>L&#8217;ex-entraîneur de Sochaux, passé auparavant par Cannes, Toulouse et Guingamp, dirigera dès mercredi la séance d&#8217;entraînement pour la reprise, accompagné de ses adjoints habituels Eric Bahic et Alain Blachon, avant de filer avec le groupe en stage à Marcoussis. Jean-Michel Moutier, responsable du secteur professionnel, sera quant à lui maintenu à son poste, à charge pour lui de travailler <i>&#8220;en étroite liaison avec Guy Lacombe qui n&#8217;a pas demandé de renfort.&#8221;</i> C&#8217;est donc avec le même effectif que son prédécesseur que le neuvième entraîneur du PSG de l&#8217;ère Canal + attaquera le 4 janvier en Championnat contre&#8230; Sochaux ce que Pierre Blayau appelle lui-même <i>&#8220;une nouvelle saison&#8221;</i>, pas dans la peau d&#8217;un sauveur <i>&#8220;car le PSG n&#8217;est pas menacé de relégation, le PSG ne fait pas de révolution.&#8221;</i> Mais la tête de Laurent Fournier est tombée&#8230;</p>
<p>Par AXEL CAPRON<br /> Avec Régis AUMONT, au Parc des princes
<p><a href="http://sports.fr/fr/cmc/football/200552/cmc_82578.html">Sports.fr &#8211; Ligue 1 Blayau choisit Lacombe</a></p>
<p></p>
<br /><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/categories/thodaworld.wordpress.com/45/" /> <img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/tags/thodaworld.wordpress.com/45/" /> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gocomments/thodaworld.wordpress.com/45/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/comments/thodaworld.wordpress.com/45/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godelicious/thodaworld.wordpress.com/45/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/delicious/thodaworld.wordpress.com/45/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gofacebook/thodaworld.wordpress.com/45/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/facebook/thodaworld.wordpress.com/45/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gotwitter/thodaworld.wordpress.com/45/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/twitter/thodaworld.wordpress.com/45/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gostumble/thodaworld.wordpress.com/45/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/stumble/thodaworld.wordpress.com/45/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godigg/thodaworld.wordpress.com/45/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/digg/thodaworld.wordpress.com/45/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/goreddit/thodaworld.wordpress.com/45/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/reddit/thodaworld.wordpress.com/45/" /></a> <img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=thodaworld.wordpress.com&amp;blog=16514&amp;post=45&amp;subd=thodaworld&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://thodaworld.wordpress.com/2005/12/28/blayau-choisit-lacombe/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
	
		<media:content url="http://0.gravatar.com/avatar/407bfd8dc5f921caa4b9cdd9bf3c89ae?s=96&#38;d=identicon&#38;r=G" medium="image">
			<media:title type="html">thodaworld</media:title>
		</media:content>
	</item>
		<item>
		<title>Thế giới âm nhạc 2005: một năm nhìn lại</title>
		<link>http://thodaworld.wordpress.com/2005/12/21/th%e1%ba%bf-gi%e1%bb%9bi-am-nh%e1%ba%a1c-2005-m%e1%bb%99t-nam-nhin-l%e1%ba%a1i/</link>
		<comments>http://thodaworld.wordpress.com/2005/12/21/th%e1%ba%bf-gi%e1%bb%9bi-am-nh%e1%ba%a1c-2005-m%e1%bb%99t-nam-nhin-l%e1%ba%a1i/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 21 Dec 2005 11:49:45 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>thodaworld</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Life]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Read]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://thodaworld.wordpress.com/2005/12/21/th%e1%ba%bf-gi%e1%bb%9bi-am-nh%e1%ba%a1c-2005-m%e1%bb%99t-nam-nhin-l%e1%ba%a1i/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[TTO &#8211; Luôn có một &#38;dstrok;i?u gì &#38;dstrok;ó thú vị khi nhìn lại một n&#38;abreve;m &#38;dstrok;ã qua với &#38;dstrok;ầy ắp những sự kiện âm nhạc dư?ng như &#38;dstrok;ược thông tin hằng ngày. Tuy nhiên, bên cạnh các hoạt &#38;dstrok;ộng nghệ thuật nghiêm túc &#38;dstrok;ược công chúng quan tâm theo dõi, không ít những câu chuyện [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=thodaworld.wordpress.com&amp;blog=16514&amp;post=44&amp;subd=thodaworld&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="100%">
<div>
<p>TTO &#8211; Luôn có một &amp;dstrok;i?u gì &amp;dstrok;ó thú vị khi nhìn lại một n&amp;abreve;m &amp;dstrok;ã qua với &amp;dstrok;ầy ắp những sự kiện âm nhạc dư?ng như &amp;dstrok;ược thông tin hằng ngày. </p>
<p>Tuy nhiên, bên cạnh các hoạt &amp;dstrok;ộng nghệ thuật nghiêm túc &amp;dstrok;ược công chúng quan tâm theo dõi, không ít những câu chuyện “bên l?? làm “rùm beng? cả thế giới âm nhạc. </p>
<p>Các sự kiện âm nhạc ảnh hưởng tích cực to lớn tới cộng &amp;dstrok;ồng trong n&amp;abreve;m phải kể &amp;dstrok;ến các buổi hòa nhạc và các album từ thiện giúp &amp;dstrok;ỡ nạn nhân sóng thần châu ?, c&amp;utilde;ng như nạn nhân ở duyên hải vùng Vịnh trong mùa giông bão tại Mỹ. Tương tự &amp;dstrok;ó là sự kiện âm nhạc khổng lồ <a href="http://www.tuoitre.com.vn/Tianyon/Index.aspx?ArticleID=87356&amp;ChannelID=10">Live 8</a> buộc các chính phủ các nước giàu giải quyết vấn &amp;dstrok;? nợ nần toàn cầu. </p>
<p>Những sự kiện liên quan tới &amp;dstrok;?i sống nghệ s&amp;itilde; dù ít ảnh hưởng tới “hòa bình thế giới?, song lại gây xôn xao dư luận không kém như vụ án dài hơi của Michael Jackson, rắc rối pháp luật của Courtney Love cho tới DMX và “yêu râu xanh? Gary Glitter tại VN.</p>
<p>TTO xin cùng bạn &amp;dstrok;iểm lại những sự kiện âm nhạc &amp;dstrok;ã tô &amp;dstrok;iểm diện mạo nhạc trẻ thế giới 2005 &amp;dstrok;ầy màu sắc tươi mới và sinh &amp;dstrok;ộng. </p>
<p>Tháng 1</p>
<p>
<table align="right" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="40">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><img src="http://www.tuoitre.com.vn/Tianyon/ImageView.aspx?ThumbnailID=106201" border="1" height="170" hspace="0" width="170" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Single <em>One Night</em> của Elvis Presley tái phát hành vào 13-1-2006</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Với việc tái phát hành bản <em><strong>One Night</strong></em> 1959, Elvis Presley ghi dấu ấn thứ 1.000 trong bảng xếp hạng &amp;dstrok;&amp;itilde;a &amp;dstrok;ơn dẫn &amp;dstrok;ầu Anh quốc. Trước &amp;dstrok;ó, bản <em>Jailhouse Rock</em> của Elvis tái ra mắt c&amp;utilde;ng &amp;dstrok;ứng nhất bảng xếp hạng này, một món quà &amp;dstrok;ầy ý ngh&amp;itilde;a chào mừng sinh nhật lần thứ 70 của vua nhạc rock ‘n’ roll. </p>
<p>Tháng 2</p>
<p>Ông hoàng nhạc blues quá cố <strong>Ray Charles</strong> gây sửng sốt với tám giải Grammy lần thứ 47, mang v? từ album <em>Genius Loves Company</em>, trong &amp;dstrok;ó bản nhạc hát chung với Norah Jones <em>Here We Go Again</em> &amp;dstrok;oạt giải ghi âm của n&amp;abreve;m và cộng tác hát nhạc pop hay nhất. </p>
<p>
<table align="right" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="40">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><img src="http://www.tuoitre.com.vn/Tianyon/ImageView.aspx?ThumbnailID=106202" border="1" height="150" hspace="0" width="200" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Jamie Foxx trong ca khúc tưởng niệm Ray Charles tại lễ trao giải Grammy lần 47</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Ảnh hưởng của Charles còn giúp mang v? nhi?u giải Oscar lần 77, trong &amp;dstrok;ó Jamie Foxx giành tượng vàng nam diễn viên xuất sắc khi phác h?a chân dung huy?n thoại âm nhạc trong phim Ray. </p>
<p><strong>Bono </strong>&amp;dstrok;ược xét &amp;dstrok;? cử giải Nobel Hòa bình vì những hoạt &amp;dstrok;ộng nhân &amp;dstrok;ạo tích cực nhằm xóa nợ cho nước nghèo. Bono vào cuối n&amp;abreve;m &amp;dstrok;ã &amp;dstrok;ược tạp chí Time bình ch?n là “nhân vật của n&amp;abreve;m? cùng với vợ chồng tỉ phú Bill Gates. </p>
<p>Tháng 3</p>
<p><strong><br />
<table align="right" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="40">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><img src="http://www.tuoitre.com.vn/Tianyon/ImageView.aspx?ThumbnailID=106204" border="1" height="150" hspace="0" width="200" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Paula Adul &amp;dstrok;ể lại dấu tay tại buổi hòa nhạc từ thiện ở Malaysia</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>U2, The Pretenders, The O&#8217;Jays, Percy Sledge, Buddy Guy</strong> &amp;dstrok;ược kết nạp vào Nhà lưu danh Rock and Roll. U2 mở &amp;dstrok;ầu chuyến lưu diễn thế giới &amp;dstrok;ể quảng bá cho album <em>Vertigo</em>. Theo thống kê của Billboard, tour diễn sạch vé tại 90/90 &amp;dstrok;iểm diễn, thu hút hơn 3 triệu ngư?i, mang v? hơn 260 triệu USD cho U2. </p>
<p>Hòa nhạc ý ngh&amp;itilde;a nhất trong tháng mang tên <em><strong>Force of Nature for Tsunami Aid</strong></em> tại Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, gây qu&amp;itilde; cho các nạn nhân sóng thần ở vùng Ấn &amp;Dstrok;ộ Dương, với sự tham dự của các nghệ s&amp;itilde; và ban nhạc <em>The Backstreet Boys, The Black Eyed Peas, Boyz II Men, Lauryn Hill, Wyclef Jean</em>…</p>
<p>Tháng 4</p>
<p>
<table align="right" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="40">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><img src="http://www.tuoitre.com.vn/Tianyon/ImageView.aspx?ThumbnailID=106203" border="1" height="150" hspace="0" width="200" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Kenny Loggins và Jim Messina</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Kenny Loggins và Jim Messina tuyên bố tái hợp cho chuyến lưu diễn mùa hè sau 30 vắng bóng, cùng lúc ra mắt album hợp tuyển <em>The Best: Loggins &amp; Messina Sittin&#8217; in Again</em>. </p>
<p>Mạng lưới âm nhạc truy?n hình khổng lồ MTV phát sóng kênh MTV &amp;dstrok;ầu tiên dành cho ngư?i châu Phi mang tên MTV base. </p>
<p>Tháng 5</p>
<p>
<table align="right" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="40">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><img src="http://www.tuoitre.com.vn/Tianyon/ImageView.aspx?ThumbnailID=106205" border="1" height="150" hspace="0" width="200" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Carrie Underwood trình diễn tại cuộc thi American Idol</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Gi?ng ca nhạc &amp;dstrok;ồng quê <strong>Carrie Underwood</strong> &amp;dstrok;ội vòng nguyệt quế tại cuộc thi “tiếng hát truy?n hình? American Idol. Album &amp;dstrok;ầu tay <em>Some Hearts</em> của cô phát hành vào trung tuần tháng 11 &amp;dstrok;ược &amp;dstrok;ánh giá khá cao. </p>
<p>Ấn tượng trong tháng lại thuộc v? ca s&amp;itilde; khiếm thị <strong>Stevie Wonder</strong> khi ông trình chiếu video <em>So What the Fuss</em>, video ca nhạc &amp;dstrok;ầu tiên sử dụng kỹ thuật mô ph?ng hình ảnh &amp;dstrok;ộng làm th?a lòng các fan âm nhạc khiếm thị.&nbsp; </p>
<p>Ngôi sao nhạc pop ngư?i Úc <strong>Kylie Minogue</strong> &amp;dstrok;i?u trị thành công ung thư vú, c&amp;abreve;n bệnh tưởng chừng như khiến cô phải giã từ sự nghiệp âm nhạc. </p>
<p>Tháng 6 </p>
<p><strong><br />
<table align="right" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="40">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><img src="http://www.tuoitre.com.vn/Tianyon/ImageView.aspx?ThumbnailID=106206" border="1" height="150" hspace="0" width="200" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Michael Jackson trông thảm hại với bộ pyjama khi ra hầu tòa</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Michael Jackson</strong> &amp;dstrok;ược tuyên bố trắng án trong vụ kiện tụng lạm dụng tình dục trẻ em. Các tội danh như quấy rối tình dục trẻ vị thành niên, ép trẻ uống rượu, âm mưu bắt cóc &amp;dstrok;?u &amp;dstrok;ược xóa sạch… Một tháng sau, một công ty tài chính lại kiện Jacko vì anh &amp;dstrok;ã nợ công ty này 48 triệu USD &amp;dstrok;ể duy trì ti?n c?c bản quy?n phát hành các ca khúc của Beatles. </p>
<p>Bảy n&amp;abreve;m sau ngày mất, huy?n thoại nhạc rap 2Pac chiếm giữ vị trí &amp;dstrok;ầu bảng xếp hạng single Anh quốc với bản <em>Ghetto Gospel</em>, ca khúc góp gi?ng Elton John. Một tái phát hiện khác là bản aria 292 tuổi chưa từng biết tới của nhà soạn nhạc J.S. Bach &amp;dstrok;ược tìm thấy tại một thư viện ở &amp;Dstrok;ức. </p>
<p>Tháng 7</p>
<p>
<table align="right" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="40">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><img src="http://www.tuoitre.com.vn/Tianyon/ImageView.aspx?ThumbnailID=106210" border="1" height="107" hspace="0" width="200" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Một rừng ngư?i tham dự Live 8 tổ chức tại công viên Hyde, London</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Các nghệ s&amp;itilde; thế giới “liên hiệp? lại &amp;dstrok;ể tham gia buổi hòa nhạc <strong>Live 8 </strong>gây sức ép trước Hội nghị thượng &amp;dstrok;ỉnh G8. Chuỗi hòa nhạc liên lục &amp;dstrok;ịa này &amp;dstrok;ã &amp;dstrok;ạt &amp;dstrok;ược các th?a thuận tích cực như xóa nợ, t&amp;abreve;ng cư?ng trợ giúp và mở rộng tự do mậu dịch cho các nước nghèo. Nhà tổ chức sự kiện này, Bob Geldof, vào tháng 11 &amp;dstrok;ã &amp;dstrok;ược trao giải Nhân vật hòa bình trong n&amp;abreve;m của Tổ chức Mikhail Gorbachev. </p>
<p>Ở bên kia b? &amp;Dstrok;ại Tây Dương, ban nhạc hoạt hình từ computer<strong> Crazy Frog</strong> chiếm &amp;dstrok;ược cảm tình của thế giới sau khi &amp;dstrok;ứng nhất bảng xếp hạng single Anh quốc. Cùng với Gorilaz, Crazy Frog sẽ là cảm hứng &amp;dstrok;ể cho ra &amp;dstrok;?i nhi?u ban nhạc ảo trong n&amp;abreve;m tới. </p>
<p>Tháng 8</p>
<p><strong><br />
<table align="right" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="40">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><img src="http://www.tuoitre.com.vn/Tianyon/ImageView.aspx?ThumbnailID=106207" border="1" height="103" hspace="0" width="200" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Rolling Stones trong buổi ra mắt album <em>A Bigger Bang</em></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>The Rolling Stones</strong> phát pháo chuyến lưu diễn quảng bá cho album<em> A Bigger Bang</em> tại Boston. Cùng lúc &amp;dstrok;ó, Ozzy Osbourne tuyên bố n&amp;abreve;m 2005 sẽ là n&amp;abreve;m kết thúc liên hoan nhạc hard rock Ozzfest từng &amp;dstrok;ược yêu mến trong 10 n&amp;abreve;m tr?i. </p>
<p>Tháng 9</p>
<p>Ngay sau khi cơn bão Katrina tàn phá New Orleans và cộng &amp;dstrok;ồng Gulf Coast, các nghệ s&amp;itilde; &amp;dstrok;ã nhanh chóng tổ chức nhi?u buổi <strong>hòa nhạc gây qu&amp;itilde; trợ giúp</strong>: A Concert for Hurricane Relief, Shelter From the Storm: A Concert for the Gulf Coast, ReAct Now: Music and Relief. </p>
<p>
<table align="right" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="40">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><img src="http://www.tuoitre.com.vn/Tianyon/ImageView.aspx?ThumbnailID=106208" border="1" height="200" hspace="0" width="141" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Kanye West</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Câu nói gây sốc của <strong>Kanye West</strong> trên &amp;dstrok;ài NBC trong chương trình &amp;dstrok;ầu (“Tổng thống Bush chẳng quan tâm gì tới ngư?i da &amp;dstrok;en?) &amp;dstrok;ã khuấy &amp;dstrok;ộng dư luận v? việc chính quy?n Mỹ phản ứng chậm chạp trong việc trợ giúp các nạn nhân cơn bão. L?i phát biểu này c&amp;utilde;ng &amp;dstrok;ược bình ch?n vào hàng “top? các câu nói nổi tiếng trong n&amp;abreve;m. </p>
<p>Hãng <strong>Apple </strong>tiếp tục ra mắt loạt sản phẩm nghe nhạc tối tân của th?i &amp;dstrok;ại @: một iPod Nano siêu nh? và &amp;dstrok;iện thoại di &amp;dstrok;ộng Motorola cho phép sử dụng dịch vụ iTunes của Apple &amp;dstrok;ể load nhạc. </p>
<p>Tháng 10</p>
<p>Bất chấp tình trạng hồi phục khó kh&amp;abreve;n sau cơn bão, <strong>Liên hoan nhạc Voodoo</strong> vẫn thu hút gần 25.000 ngư?i &amp;dstrok;ến công viên Riverview, New Orleans. Ca khúc từ thiện <em>From the Bottom of My Heart</em> gây qu&amp;itilde; cho nạn nhân cơn bão của Michael Jackson khởi &amp;dstrok;ộng tại Los Angeles, dự &amp;dstrok;ịnh sẽ là một <em>We Are the World</em> thứ hai, góp mặt Ciara, Snoop Dogg, Shirley Caesar… </p>
<p>
<table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="40">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><img src="http://www.tuoitre.com.vn/Tianyon/ImageView.aspx?ThumbnailID=106209" border="1" height="150" hspace="0" width="200" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Toàn cảnh Liên hoan âm nhạc Voodoo</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Tháng 11</p>
<p>
<table align="right" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="40">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><img src="http://www.tuoitre.com.vn/Tianyon/ImageView.aspx?ThumbnailID=106211" border="1" height="200" hspace="0" width="150" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Madonna</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Các ban nhạc rock <strong>Black Sabbath, Lynyrd Skynyrd, Blondie và Sex Pistols</strong> cùng với huy?n thoại nhạc jazz <strong>Miles Davis</strong> &amp;dstrok;ược tuyên bố sẽ trở thành các thành viên mới của Nhà lưu danh Rock ‘n’ Roll n&amp;abreve;m 2006. </p>
<p>Hãng Sony BMG thu hồi hàng triệu &amp;dstrok;&amp;itilde;a CD chống sao chép tại các cửa hàng b&amp;abreve;ng &amp;dstrok;&amp;itilde;a Mỹ sau khi bị khách hàng ta thán v? việc phần m?m chứa trong các &amp;dstrok;&amp;itilde;a này hoạt &amp;dstrok;ộng chẳng khác nào một spyware (phần m?m gián &amp;dstrok;iệp). </p>
<p><strong>Madonna</strong> dẫn &amp;dstrok;ầu bảng xếp hạng Billboard 200 lần thứ sáu trong sự nghiệp với album mới <em>Confessions on a Dance Floor</em>, album tiêu thụ gần 350.000 bản&nbsp;tại Mỹ. </p>
<p>Tháng 12 </p>
<p>Ngư?i hâm mộ toàn cầu tổ chức lễ giỗ lần thứ 25 của <strong>John Lennon</strong> với các hoạt &amp;dstrok;ộng rình rang rộn &amp;dstrok;ám. Trước &amp;dstrok;ó, toàn bộ di sản âm nhạc của Lennon &amp;dstrok;ã &amp;dstrok;ược Yoko Ono &amp;dstrok;ồng ý cho phép tung lên mạng &amp;dstrok;ể thính giả download hợp pháp.&nbsp; </p>
<p>Với tám &amp;dstrok;? cử Grammy, sự trở lại của <strong>Mariah Carey</strong> hoàn toàn thuyết phục ngư?i hâm mộ c&amp;utilde;ng như giới phê bình. Thầy trò Kanye West, John Legend cùng &amp;dstrok;oạt số &amp;dstrok;? cử tương tự. 50 Cent, Beyoncé, the Black Eyed Peas&#8217; Will.i.am và Stevie Wonder &amp;dstrok;ược sáu. Lễ trao giải sẽ diễn ra tại Los Angeles vào 8-2-2006. </p>
<p>ANH NGUYỆN tổng hợp</p>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><a href="http://www.tuoitre.com.vn/Tianyon/Index.aspx?ArticleID=114669&amp;ChannelID=10">Tuổi Trẻ Online</a></p>
<p></p>
<br /><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/categories/thodaworld.wordpress.com/44/" /> <img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/tags/thodaworld.wordpress.com/44/" /> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gocomments/thodaworld.wordpress.com/44/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/comments/thodaworld.wordpress.com/44/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godelicious/thodaworld.wordpress.com/44/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/delicious/thodaworld.wordpress.com/44/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gofacebook/thodaworld.wordpress.com/44/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/facebook/thodaworld.wordpress.com/44/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gotwitter/thodaworld.wordpress.com/44/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/twitter/thodaworld.wordpress.com/44/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gostumble/thodaworld.wordpress.com/44/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/stumble/thodaworld.wordpress.com/44/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godigg/thodaworld.wordpress.com/44/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/digg/thodaworld.wordpress.com/44/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/goreddit/thodaworld.wordpress.com/44/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/reddit/thodaworld.wordpress.com/44/" /></a> <img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=thodaworld.wordpress.com&amp;blog=16514&amp;post=44&amp;subd=thodaworld&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://thodaworld.wordpress.com/2005/12/21/th%e1%ba%bf-gi%e1%bb%9bi-am-nh%e1%ba%a1c-2005-m%e1%bb%99t-nam-nhin-l%e1%ba%a1i/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
	
		<media:content url="http://0.gravatar.com/avatar/407bfd8dc5f921caa4b9cdd9bf3c89ae?s=96&#38;d=identicon&#38;r=G" medium="image">
			<media:title type="html">thodaworld</media:title>
		</media:content>

		<media:content url="http://www.tuoitre.com.vn/Tianyon/ImageView.aspx?ThumbnailID=106201" medium="image" />

		<media:content url="http://www.tuoitre.com.vn/Tianyon/ImageView.aspx?ThumbnailID=106202" medium="image" />

		<media:content url="http://www.tuoitre.com.vn/Tianyon/ImageView.aspx?ThumbnailID=106204" medium="image" />

		<media:content url="http://www.tuoitre.com.vn/Tianyon/ImageView.aspx?ThumbnailID=106203" medium="image" />

		<media:content url="http://www.tuoitre.com.vn/Tianyon/ImageView.aspx?ThumbnailID=106205" medium="image" />

		<media:content url="http://www.tuoitre.com.vn/Tianyon/ImageView.aspx?ThumbnailID=106206" medium="image" />

		<media:content url="http://www.tuoitre.com.vn/Tianyon/ImageView.aspx?ThumbnailID=106210" medium="image" />

		<media:content url="http://www.tuoitre.com.vn/Tianyon/ImageView.aspx?ThumbnailID=106207" medium="image" />

		<media:content url="http://www.tuoitre.com.vn/Tianyon/ImageView.aspx?ThumbnailID=106208" medium="image" />

		<media:content url="http://www.tuoitre.com.vn/Tianyon/ImageView.aspx?ThumbnailID=106209" medium="image" />

		<media:content url="http://www.tuoitre.com.vn/Tianyon/ImageView.aspx?ThumbnailID=106211" medium="image" />
	</item>
		<item>
		<title></title>
		<link>http://thodaworld.wordpress.com/2005/12/19/l%c6%b0u-luy%e1%ba%bfn-festival-hoa-da-l%e1%ba%a1t-2005/</link>
		<comments>http://thodaworld.wordpress.com/2005/12/19/l%c6%b0u-luy%e1%ba%bfn-festival-hoa-da-l%e1%ba%a1t-2005/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 19 Dec 2005 09:50:07 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>thodaworld</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Life]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Read]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://thodaworld.wordpress.com/2005/12/19/l%c6%b0u-luy%e1%ba%bfn-festival-hoa-da-l%e1%ba%a1t-2005/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[TTO &#8211; &#8220;Lưu luyến ?à Lạt&#8221;, chương trình bế mạc tương &#38;dstrok;ối ngắn g?n,&#160;súc tích nhưng vẫn không kém hoành tráng diễn ra vào tối 18-12 &#38;dstrok;ã khép lại hơn&#160;một tuần lễ&#160;Festival hoa 2005 với nhi?u ấn tượng vui buồn lẫn lộn. Quy tụ gần 2.300 diễn viên, quảng trư?ng &#38;Dstrok;à Lạt&#160;sống &#38;dstrok;ộng trong sắc [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=thodaworld.wordpress.com&amp;blog=16514&amp;post=43&amp;subd=thodaworld&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>
<table align="right" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="40">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><img src="http://www.tuoitre.com.vn/Tianyon/ImageView.aspx?ThumbnailID=105735" border="1" height="150" hspace="0" width="200" /></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>TTO &#8211; &#8220;Lưu luyến ?à Lạt&#8221;, chương trình bế mạc tương &amp;dstrok;ối ngắn g?n,&nbsp;súc tích nhưng vẫn không kém hoành tráng diễn ra vào tối 18-12 &amp;dstrok;ã khép lại hơn&nbsp;một tuần lễ&nbsp;Festival hoa 2005 với nhi?u ấn tượng vui buồn lẫn lộn.</p>
<p>Quy tụ gần 2.300 diễn viên, quảng trư?ng &amp;Dstrok;à Lạt&nbsp;sống &amp;dstrok;ộng trong sắc hoa và biển ngư?i. Hình ảnh hoa và ngư?i<strong> </strong>trùng phùng trong mối giao tình giữa thiên nhiên, con ngư?i &amp;Dstrok;à Lạt và bạn bè &amp;dstrok;ược thể hiện qua 5 chương: &#8220;&amp;Dstrok;?i ngư?i, &amp;dstrok;?i hoa&#8221;, &#8220;Giáng hoa ngày hoa&#8221;, &#8220;Huy?n diệu &amp;dstrok;êm &amp;Dstrok;à Lạt&#8221;, &#8220;Duyên hoa&#8221;, &#8220;&amp;Dstrok;à Lạt, TP Festival hoa&#8221; là một bức tranh toàn cảnh mang dấu&nbsp;ấn của nhi?u&nbsp;hoạt &amp;dstrok;ộng lễ hội vừa qua. </p>
<p>Gần 90.000 lượt khách du lịch &amp;dstrok;ến với lễ hội </p>
<p>&amp;Dstrok;ó quả là một con số rất ấn tượng &amp;dstrok;ối với thành phố vốn bình yên, trầm lắng này. Trong suốt 9 ngày qua, cả thành phố cao nguyên chìm trong sắc hoa và &amp;dstrok;ón nhận những làn gió mới từ &#8220;làn sóng&#8221; du khách. </p>
<p>
<table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" width="80">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><img src="http://www.tuoitre.com.vn/Tianyon/ImageView.aspx?ThumbnailID=105732" border="1" height="150" hspace="0" width="200" /></td>
<td><img src="http://www.tuoitre.com.vn/Tianyon/ImageView.aspx?ThumbnailID=105733" border="1" height="150" hspace="0" width="200" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">
<p align="center">Màn trình diễn ấn tượng trong &amp;dstrok;êm bế mạc</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>&amp;Dstrok;ầu tiên, ấn tượng nhất là&nbsp;cuộc diễu hành biểu diễn nghệ thuật &amp;dstrok;ư?ng phố sôi &amp;dstrok;ộng, vui nhộn mang tên “Rực rỡ phố hoa?. Chương trình carnavan này chính thức khai ngòi cho Festival 2005 &amp;dstrok;ược &amp;dstrok;ánh giá là hoành tráng, &amp;dstrok;ộc &amp;dstrok;áo và thành công. Các &amp;dstrok;ư?ng phố &amp;Dstrok;à Lạt trở thành “sân khấu? &amp;dstrok;ặc biệt của 140 chiếc xe hoa các loại: Vespa, ô tô cổ, xe &amp;dstrok;ạp, xe mô tô cổ, xe ngựa &#8230; </p>
<p>Cùng với “Rực rỡ phố hoa? thì &amp;dstrok;êm hội rượu vang &#8220;Men tình cao nguyên&#8221; là hai chương trình hiếm hoi thoát kh?i tính chất &#8220;lễ&#8221; nhi?u nhất. &amp;Dstrok;êm 17-12, TP &amp;Dstrok;à Lạt lạnh gần 10<sup>0</sup>C &amp;dstrok;ược &#8220;hâm nóng&#8221; bởi 1.500 lít rượu vang. 1.000 sinh viên, h?c sinh&nbsp;hóa trang ngộ ngh&amp;itilde;nh, rộn ràng theo tiếng nhạc cùng gần 2.000 hoạt náo viên &amp;dstrok;ã thực sự lôi cuốn m?i ngư?i &#8220;nhập cuộc&#8221;. Men rượu nồng xóa tan &amp;dstrok;i khoảng cách xa lạ giữa ngư?i nước ngoài và dân &amp;dstrok;ịa phương c&amp;utilde;ng như cái lạnh buốt của xứ cao nguyên này.</p>
<p>Hai kỷ lục lập tại Festival hoa &amp;Dstrok;à Lạt 2005 &amp;dstrok;ược &amp;dstrok;? xuất trong <em>Gặp gỡ các kỷ lục gia lần 3</em> cùng sự góp mặt của 30 kỷ lục &amp;dstrok;ến từ m?i mi?n &amp;dstrok;ất nước &amp;dstrok;ã làm cho lễ hội thêm nhi?u màu sắc, phong phú, hấp dẫn hơn.</p>
<p>Một nét &amp;dstrok;ộc &amp;dstrok;áo nữa không thể không nhắc &amp;dstrok;ến chính là sân khấu nổi Hồ Xuân Hương, nơi diễn ra các chương trình nghệ thuật của lễ hội. Sân khấu nổi &amp;dstrok;ược mô ph?ng theo bông cúc &amp;dstrok;ại &amp;dstrok;oá rộng 600m<sup>2</sup> với dàn âm thanh, ánh sáng hiện &amp;dstrok;ại cùng màn hình hơi nước &amp;dstrok;ã thể hiện &amp;dstrok;ược sự táo bạo của ban tổ chức trong việc tạo dấn ấn riêng cho lễ hội.</p>
<p>Lần &amp;dstrok;ầu tiên hội chợ Du lịch thương mại Công nghệ và thiết bị &amp;Dstrok;à Lạt &#8211; Techmart 2005 &amp;dstrok;ược tổ chức có 6 hợp &amp;dstrok;ồng khoa h?c và chuyển giao công nghệ, thiết bị, sản phẩm &amp;dstrok;ã &amp;dstrok;ược ký kết giữa các &amp;dstrok;ối tác với tổng trị giá là 32,75 tỷ &amp;dstrok;ồng. Thu hút 54 &amp;dstrok;ơn vị tham gia, hội chợ &amp;dstrok;ã giới thiệu chào bán trên 300 công nghệ, thiết bị tập trung vào các l&amp;itilde;nh vực công nghệ sinh h?c, nông nghiệp, công nghệ chế biến, xử lý và bảo vệ môi trư?ng, công nghệ thông tin, y h?c hạt nhân… Gần 100 ngàn lượt ngư?i &amp;dstrok;ã &amp;dstrok;ến với hội chợ &amp;dstrok;ể tham quan, &amp;dstrok;ược tư vấn tại các gian hàng. </p>
<p>Hội chợ triển lãm hoa &#8220;&amp;Dstrok;à lạt &amp;dstrok;iểm hẹn muôn sắc màu hoa&#8221; hội tụ 5.700 tác phẩm hoa. Khu triển lãm &#8220;Tây Nguyên huy?n diệu&#8221; c&amp;utilde;ng thu hút &amp;dstrok;ược sự chú ý. </p>
<p>Ngoài ra,chương trình quan tr?ng là &amp;dstrok;iểm nhấn của Festival &#8211; &#8220;Lễ hội tình yêu&#8221; diễn ra trong 3 ngày từ 14 &amp;dstrok;ến 17-12 &amp;dstrok;ã &amp;dstrok;ánh dấu ngày tr?ng &amp;dstrok;ại của 68 &amp;dstrok;ôi tân hôn, và 46 &amp;dstrok;ôi kỷ niệm cưới. Dù tr?i mưa, rất nhi?u hoạt &amp;dstrok;ộng phải hủy b? nhưng &amp;dstrok;i?u &amp;dstrok;áng ghi nhận nhất là nỗ lực của ban tổ chức trong cuộc chiến chống lại sự &#8220;&amp;dstrok;?ng &amp;dstrok;ảnh của ông tr?i&#8221;.</p>
<p>&amp;Dstrok;iểm trừ không nên có trong mỗi lễ hội</p>
<p>&amp;Dstrok;ầu tiên &amp;dstrok;ó là phần quảng cáo thông tin của ban tổ chức còn rất yếu. Không có một trung tâm cung cấp thông tin nào cho du khách. Cả du khách trong và ngoài nước &amp;dstrok;?u rất lúng túng trong việc nắm bắt nội dung&nbsp;chương trình &amp;dstrok;ể tham gia. Mặc dù BTC có cho bán cuốn sổ hướng dẫn bằng hai thứ tiếng nhưng một số du khách nước ngoài phàn nàn &#8220;xem c&amp;utilde;ng như không&#8221; vì nó rất thiếu logic. Cứ như cuốn sách in ra chỉ dành cho ngư?i Việt vậy.</p>
<p>Các chương trình phân bố c&amp;utilde;ng không hợp lý. Ngày thứ 2 của Festival, du khách và nhà báo &amp;dstrok;ã phải phân vân ch?n nơi nào &amp;dstrok;ể tham gia lễ hội&nbsp;khi có &amp;dstrok;ến 3 chương trình &#8220;Chinh phục Langbiang&#8221;, khai mạc triển lãm &#8220;&amp;Dstrok;à lạt &amp;dstrok;iểm hẹn muôn sắc màu hoa&#8221; và &#8220;Diễu hành hoa&#8221; quanh hồ Xuân Hương diễn ra trong một buổi sáng. </p>
<p>
<table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" width="80">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><img src="http://www.tuoitre.com.vn/Tianyon/ImageView.aspx?ThumbnailID=105736" border="1" height="150" hspace="0" width="200" /></td>
<td><img src="http://www.tuoitre.com.vn/Tianyon/ImageView.aspx?ThumbnailID=105737" border="1" height="150" hspace="0" width="200" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">Một chương trình nghệ thuật &amp;dstrok;ặc sắc quy tụ 2.300 diễn viên </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Vấn &amp;dstrok;? an ninh, vệ sinh của lễ hội c&amp;utilde;ng còn kém. Ngay trên tuyến &amp;dstrok;ư?ng chính của lễ hội, khó có thể tìm &amp;dstrok;ược một thùng rác nên du khách &amp;dstrok;ành chấp nhận &amp;dstrok;em rác v? khách sạn hoặc vô tư&#8230; xả rác. Nhà vệ sinh công cộng hình như c&amp;utilde;ng không có trong từ &amp;dstrok;iển của BTC! </p>
<p>&amp;Dstrok;iểm trừ lớn nhất là dành cho &#8220;nhân vật chính&#8221; của lễ hội. &#8220;Mới nhưng không tươi&#8221;, &amp;dstrok;ó là bức xúc của nhi?u du khách nhận xét v? hoa khi &amp;dstrok;ến với lễ hội.&nbsp;Một số nơi hoa ít&nbsp;và&nbsp;&amp;dstrok;ược trồng vội vàng trên những công trình dang dở, tạo một ấn tượng xấu v? sự chuẩn bị cập rập kém chu &amp;dstrok;áo của BTC.</p>
<p>Tuy nhiên, sau hai &amp;dstrok;ợt tổng duyệt &#8220;Sắc hoa &amp;Dstrok;à Lạt&#8221; 2003, 2004, Festival Hoa &amp;Dstrok;à lạt 2005 &amp;dstrok;ã chính thức mở ra một lộ trình mới cho ngành du lịch VN nói chung và du lịch &amp;Dstrok;à Lạt nói riêng: phát triển du lịch gắn với hoa. </p>
<p>NHƯ BÌNH &#8211; T.T.D</p>
<p><a href="http://www.tuoitre.com.vn/Tianyon/Index.aspx?ArticleID=114199&amp;ChannelID=100">Tuổi Trẻ Online</a></p>
<p></p>
<br /><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/categories/thodaworld.wordpress.com/43/" /> <img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/tags/thodaworld.wordpress.com/43/" /> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gocomments/thodaworld.wordpress.com/43/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/comments/thodaworld.wordpress.com/43/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godelicious/thodaworld.wordpress.com/43/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/delicious/thodaworld.wordpress.com/43/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gofacebook/thodaworld.wordpress.com/43/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/facebook/thodaworld.wordpress.com/43/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gotwitter/thodaworld.wordpress.com/43/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/twitter/thodaworld.wordpress.com/43/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gostumble/thodaworld.wordpress.com/43/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/stumble/thodaworld.wordpress.com/43/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godigg/thodaworld.wordpress.com/43/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/digg/thodaworld.wordpress.com/43/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/goreddit/thodaworld.wordpress.com/43/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/reddit/thodaworld.wordpress.com/43/" /></a> <img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=thodaworld.wordpress.com&amp;blog=16514&amp;post=43&amp;subd=thodaworld&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://thodaworld.wordpress.com/2005/12/19/l%c6%b0u-luy%e1%ba%bfn-festival-hoa-da-l%e1%ba%a1t-2005/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
	
		<media:content url="http://0.gravatar.com/avatar/407bfd8dc5f921caa4b9cdd9bf3c89ae?s=96&#38;d=identicon&#38;r=G" medium="image">
			<media:title type="html">thodaworld</media:title>
		</media:content>

		<media:content url="http://www.tuoitre.com.vn/Tianyon/ImageView.aspx?ThumbnailID=105735" medium="image" />

		<media:content url="http://www.tuoitre.com.vn/Tianyon/ImageView.aspx?ThumbnailID=105732" medium="image" />

		<media:content url="http://www.tuoitre.com.vn/Tianyon/ImageView.aspx?ThumbnailID=105733" medium="image" />

		<media:content url="http://www.tuoitre.com.vn/Tianyon/ImageView.aspx?ThumbnailID=105736" medium="image" />

		<media:content url="http://www.tuoitre.com.vn/Tianyon/ImageView.aspx?ThumbnailID=105737" medium="image" />
	</item>
		<item>
		<title>IEEE John von Neumann Medal</title>
		<link>http://thodaworld.wordpress.com/2005/12/15/ieee-john-von-neumann-medal/</link>
		<comments>http://thodaworld.wordpress.com/2005/12/15/ieee-john-von-neumann-medal/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 15 Dec 2005 17:42:03 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>thodaworld</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Life]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Read]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://thodaworld.wordpress.com/2005/12/15/ieee-john-von-neumann-medal/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[IEEE John von Neumann Medal The IEEE John von Neumann Medal was established by the Board of Directors in 1990 and may be presented annually &#8216;for outstanding achievements in computer-related science and technology.&#8217; The achievements may be theoretical, technological, or entrepreneurial, and need not have been made immediately prior to the date of the award. [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=thodaworld.wordpress.com&amp;blog=16514&amp;post=42&amp;subd=thodaworld&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><font color="#003399" face="Arial" size="+3"><b>IEEE John von Neumann Medal</b></font></p>
<p><font face="SansSerif" size="2">The IEEE John von Neumann Medal was established by the Board of Directors in 1990 and may be presented annually &#8216;for outstanding achievements in computer-related science and technology.&#8217; The achievements may be theoretical, technological, or entrepreneurial, and need not have been made immediately prior to the date of the award.</font></p>
<p align="left"><font face="SansSerif" size="2">The medal is named in honor of the eminent mathematician, John von Neumann, whose work at the Institute for Advanced Study led to the building of the IAS binary stored-program computer in 1952. The IAS machine served as the model for IBM&#8217;s first all electronic stored-program computer (the 701).</font></p>
<p>In the evaluation process, the following criteria are considered: achievements may be theoretical, technological, entrepreneurial, and need not have been made immediately prior to the date of the award, truly outstanding contributions in computer hardware, software or systems art, scope is the processing of information and includes the subject areas of computer architecture, base technologies, systems, languages, algorithms and protocols and application domains, work cited could have appeared in the form of publications, patents, products or simply general recognition by the profession that the individual cited is the agreed upon originator of the advance, overall strength of the nomination.</p>
<p align="left"><font face="SansSerif" size="2">Recipient selection is administered through the IEEE Medals Council of the IEEE Awards Board. &nbsp;It may be presented to an individual or group, up to two in number.</font></p>
<p align="left"><font face="SansSerif" size="2">The award consists of a gold medal, bronze replica, certificate and honorarium.</font></p>
<p align="left"><font color="#003399" face="Arial" size="+3"><b>IEEE John von Neumann Medal Recipients</b></font></p>
<hr />
<p align="center"><b>2006 &#8211; EDWIN CATMUL<br /></b>President<br />Pixar Animation Studios<br />Emeryville, CA</p>
<p align="center">“For fundamental contributions to computer graphics, and a pioneering role in the use of computer animation in motion pictures.?</p>
<p align="center"><b>2005 &#8211; <a href="http://www.ieee.org/portal/pages/about/awards/bios/2005vonneumann.html">MICHAEL STONEBRAKER</a></b><a href="http://www.ieee.org/portal/pages/about/awards/bios/2005vonneumann.html"><br /></a>Adjunct Professor, Laboratory for Computer Science<br />Massachusetts Institute of Technology<br />Bedford, NH</p>
<p>&#8220;For contributions to the design, implementation, and commercialization of relational and object-relational database systems.&#8221;</p>
<p align="center"><b><font size="2">2004 &#8211; <a href="http://www.ieee.org/portal/pages/about/awards/bios/2004vonneumann_1.html">BARBARA H. LISKOV</a></font></b><font size="2"><br />Ford Professor of Engineering and Associate Head for Computer Science<br />Massachusetts Institute of Technology<br />Cambridge, MA</font></p>
<p align="center"><font size="2">&#8220;For fundamental contributions to programming languages, programming methodology, and distributed systems.&#8221;</font></p>
<p><b><font size="2">2003 &#8211; <a href="http://www.ieee.org/portal/pages/about/awards/bios/2003vonneumann.html">ALFRED V. AHO</a></font></b><br /><font size="2">Professor, Columbia University</font><br /><font size="2">New York, NY<br /></font></p>
<p align="center"><font size="2">&#8220;For contributions to the foundations of computer science and to the fields of algorithms and software tools.&#8221;</font></p>
<p align="center"><b><font face="SansSerif" size="2">2002 &#8211; <a href="http://www.ieee.org/portal/pages/about/awards/bios/2002vonneumannOD_2.html">OLE-JOHAN DAHL<br /></a></font></b><font face="SansSerif" size="2">Professor Emeritus, Dept. of Informatics<br />University of Olso, Oslo, Norway</font></p>
<p align="center"><font face="SansSerif" size="2">and</font></p>
<p align="center"><a href="http://www.ieee.org/portal/pages/about/awards/bios/2002vonneumannKN_1.html"><b><font face="SansSerif" size="2">KRISTEN NYGAARD<br /></font></b></a><font face="SansSerif" size="2">Professor Emeritus, Dept. of Informatics<br />University of Olso, Oslo, Norway</font></p>
<p align="center"><font face="SansSerif" size="2">&#8216;For the introduction of the concepts underlying object-oriented programming through the design and implementation of SIMULA 67.&#8217;<br /></font></p>
<p align="center"><b><font face="SansSerif" size="2">2001 &#8211; <a href="http://www.ieee.org/portal/pages/about/awards/bios/2001vonneumann_1.html">BUTLER W. LAMPSON<br /></a></font></b><font face="SansSerif" size="2">Microsoft &#8211; Cambridge, MA</font></p>
<p align="center"><font face="SansSerif" size="2">&#8216;For technical leadership in the creation of timesharing, distributed computing, networking, security and program languages&#8217;</font></p>
<p align="center"><b><font face="SansSerif" size="2">2000<br />JOHN L. HENNESSY<br /></font></b><font face="SansSerif" size="2">Stanford University &#8211; Stanford, CA<br />and<br /><b>DAVID A. PATTERSON<br /></b>University of California at Berkeley &#8211; Berkeley, CA</font></p>
<p align="center"><font face="SansSerif" size="2">&#8216;For creating a revolution in computer architecture through their exploration, popularization, and commercialization of architectural innovations.&#8217;</font></p>
<p align="center"><b><font face="SansSerif" size="2">1999 &#8211; DOUGLAS C. ENGELBART<br /></font></b><font face="SansSerif" size="2">Director of the Bootstrap Institute<br />Fremont, CA</font></p>
<p align="center"><font face="SansSerif" size="2">&#8216;For creating the foundations of realtime, interactive, personal computing including CRT displays, windows, the mouse, hypermedia linking and conferencing, and on-line journals.&#8217;</font></p>
<p align="center"><b><font face="SansSerif" size="2">1998 &#8211; IVAN EDWARD SUTHERLAND<br /></font></b><font face="SansSerif" size="2">Sun Microsystems Laboratories<br />Palo Alto, CA</font></p>
<p align="center"><font face="SansSerif" size="2">&#8216;For pioneering contributions to computer graphics and microelectronic design, and leadership in the support of computer science and engineering research.&#8217;</font></p>
<p align="center"><b><font face="SansSerif" size="2">1997 &#8211; MAURICE V. WILKES<br /></font></b><font face="SansSerif" size="2">Olivetti and Oracle Research Lab. &#8211; Cambridge, England</font></p>
<p align="center"><font face="SansSerif" size="2">&#8216;For a lifelong career of seminal contributions to computing, including the first full-scale operational stored program computer and to the foundations of programming.&#8217;</font></p>
<p align="center"><b><font face="SansSerif" size="2">1996 &#8211; CARVER A. MEAD<br /></font></b><font face="SansSerif" size="2">California Institute of Technology &#8211; Pasadena, CA</font></p>
<p align="center"><font face="SansSerif" size="2">&#8216;For leadership and innovative contributions to VLSI and creative microelectronic structures.&#8217;</font></p>
<p align="center"><b><font face="SansSerif" size="2">1995 &#8211; DONALD E. KNUTH</font></b> <font face="SansSerif" size="2">(Honorary Member)<br />Stanford University &#8211; Stanford, CA</font></p>
<p align="center"><font face="SansSerif" size="2">&#8216;For fundamental contributions to the theory and practice of computer science and to the art of computer programming.&#8217;</font></p>
<p align="center"><b><font face="SansSerif" size="2">1994 &#8211; JOHN COCKE<br /></font></b><font face="SansSerif" size="2">IBM/T.J. Watson Research Center &#8211; Yorktown Heights, NY</font></p>
<p align="center"><font face="SansSerif" size="2">&#8216;For contributions to the computer industry including the invention, development and implementation of Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) architecture and program optimization technology.&#8217;</font></p>
<p align="center"><b><font face="SansSerif" size="2">1993 &#8211; FREDERICK P. BROOKS, JR.<br /></font></b><font face="SansSerif" size="2">Univ. of North Carolina &#8211; Chapel Hill, NC</font></p>
<p align="center"><font face="SansSerif" size="2">&#8216;For significant developments in computer architecture, insightful observations on software engineering, and for computer science education and professional service.&#8217;</font></p>
<p align="center"><b><font face="SansSerif" size="2">1992 &#8211; C. GORDON BELL<br /></font></b><font face="SansSerif" size="2">Stardent Computer &#8211; Sunnyvale, CA</font></p>
<p align="center"><font face="SansSerif" size="2">&#8216;For innovative contributions to computer architecture and design.&#8217;</font></p>
<p><a href="http://www.ieee.org/portal/pages/about/awards/sums/vonneusum.html"><br /></a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.ieee.org/portal/pages/about/awards/sums/vonneusum.html">IEEE John von Neumann Medal</a></p>
<p></p>
<br /><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/categories/thodaworld.wordpress.com/42/" /> <img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/tags/thodaworld.wordpress.com/42/" /> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gocomments/thodaworld.wordpress.com/42/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/comments/thodaworld.wordpress.com/42/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godelicious/thodaworld.wordpress.com/42/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/delicious/thodaworld.wordpress.com/42/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gofacebook/thodaworld.wordpress.com/42/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/facebook/thodaworld.wordpress.com/42/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gotwitter/thodaworld.wordpress.com/42/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/twitter/thodaworld.wordpress.com/42/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gostumble/thodaworld.wordpress.com/42/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/stumble/thodaworld.wordpress.com/42/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godigg/thodaworld.wordpress.com/42/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/digg/thodaworld.wordpress.com/42/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/goreddit/thodaworld.wordpress.com/42/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/reddit/thodaworld.wordpress.com/42/" /></a> <img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=thodaworld.wordpress.com&amp;blog=16514&amp;post=42&amp;subd=thodaworld&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://thodaworld.wordpress.com/2005/12/15/ieee-john-von-neumann-medal/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
	
		<media:content url="http://0.gravatar.com/avatar/407bfd8dc5f921caa4b9cdd9bf3c89ae?s=96&#38;d=identicon&#38;r=G" medium="image">
			<media:title type="html">thodaworld</media:title>
		</media:content>
	</item>
		<item>
		<title>PEOPLE and PIONEERS: John Louis von Neumann</title>
		<link>http://thodaworld.wordpress.com/2005/12/15/people-and-pioneers-john-louis-von-neumann/</link>
		<comments>http://thodaworld.wordpress.com/2005/12/15/people-and-pioneers-john-louis-von-neumann/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 15 Dec 2005 17:38:41 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>thodaworld</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Life]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Read]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://thodaworld.wordpress.com/2005/12/15/people-and-pioneers-john-louis-von-neumann/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[John[1] Louis von Neumann Born 28 December 1903, Budapest, Hungary; Died 8 February 1957, Washington DC; Brilliant mathematician, synthesizer, and promoter of the stored program concept, whose logical design of the IAS became the prototype of most of its successors &#8211; the von Neumann Architecture. Educ: University of Budapest, 1921; University of Berlin, 1921-23; Chemical [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=thodaworld.wordpress.com&amp;blog=16514&amp;post=41&amp;subd=thodaworld&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img src="http://ei.cs.vt.edu/%7Ehistory/vonNeumann.GIF" />
<p><font size="+3"><b>John<sup><font size="-2"><a href="http://ei.cs.vt.edu/%7Ehistory/VonNeumann.html#1">[1]</a></font></sup> Louis von Neumann</b></font>  Born 28 December 1903, Budapest, Hungary; Died 8 February 1957, Washington DC; <i>Brilliant mathematician, synthesizer, and promoter of the stored program concept, whose logical design of the IAS became the prototype of most of its successors &#8211; the von Neumann Architecture.</i></p>
<p>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="30"></td>
<td><font size="-1"><i>Educ:</i> University of Budapest, 1921; University of Berlin, 1921-23; Chemical Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule [ETH] (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), 1923-25; Doctorate, Mathematics (with minors in experimental physics and chemistry), University of Budapest, 1926; <i>Prof. Exp:</i> Privatdozent, University of Berlin, 1927-30; Visiting Professor, Princeton University, 1930-53; Professor of Mathematics, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton University, 1933-57; <i>Honors and Awards:</i> D.Sc. (Hon), Princeton University, 1947; Medal for Merit (Presidential Award), 1947; Distinguished Civilian Service Award, 1947; D.Sc. (Hon), University of Pennsylvania, 1950; D.Sc. (Hon), Harvard University, 1950; D.Sc. (Hon), University of Istanbul, 1952; D.Sc. (Hon), Case Institute of Technology, 1952; D.Sc. (Hon), University of Maryland, 1952; D.Sc. (Hon), Institute of Polytechnics, Munich, 1953; Medal of Freedom (Presidential Award), 1956; Albert Einstein Commemorative Award, 1956; Enrico Fermi Award, 1956; Member, American Academy of Arts and Sciences; Member, Academiz Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Lima, Peru; Member, Acamedia Nazionale dei Lincei, Rome, Italy; Member, National Academy of Sciences; Member, Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences and Letters, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Member, Information Processing Hall of Fame, Infomart, Dallas TX, 1985.</font>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Von Neumann was a child prodigy, born into a banking family is Budapest, Hungary.  When only six years old he could divide eight-digit numbers in his head.  He received his early education in Budapest, under the tutelage of M. Fekete, with whom he published his first paper at the age of 18.  Entering the University of Budapest in 1921, he studied Chemistry, moving his base of studies to both Berlin and Zurich before receiving his diploma in 1925 in Chemical Engineering.  He returned to his first love of mathematics in completing his doctoral degree in 1928.  he quickly gained a reputation in set theory, algebra, and quantum mechanics.  At a time of political unrest in central Europe, he was invited to visit Princeton University in 1930, and when the Institute for Advanced Studies was founded there in 1933, he was appointed to be one of the original six Professors of Mathematics, a position which he retained for the remainder of his life.  At the instigation and sponsorship of Oskar Morganstern, von Neumann and Kurt Gödel became US citizens in time for their clearance for wartime work.  There is an anecdote which tells of Morganstern driving them to their immigration interview, after having learned about the US Constitution and the history of the country.  On the drive there Morganstern asked them if they had any questions which he could answer.  Gödel replied that he had no questions but he had found some logical inconsistencies in the Constitution that he wanted to ask the Immigration officers about.  Morganstern strongly recommended that he not ask questions, just answer them!</p>
<p>During 1936 through 1938 Alan Turing was a  graduate student in the Department of Mathematics at Princeton and did his dissertation  under Alonzo Church.  Von Neumann invited Turing to stay on at the Institute as his assistant but he preferred to return to Cambridge; a year later Turing was involved in war work at Bletchley Park.  This visit occurred shortly after Turing&#8217;s publication of his 1934 paper &#8220;On Computable Numbers with an Application to the Entscheidungs-problem&#8221; which involved the concepts of logical design and the universal machine.  It must be concluded that von Neumann knew of Turing&#8217;s ideas, though whether he applied them to the design of the IAS Machine ten years later is questionable.  <a href="http://ei.cs.vt.edu/%7Ehistory/VonNeumann.html#5">[5]</a></p>
<p>Von Neumann&#8217;s interest in computers differed from that of his peers by his quickly perceiving the application of computers to applied mathematics for specific problems, rather than their mere application to the development of tables.  During the war, von Neumann&#8217;s expertise in hydrodynamics, ballistics, meteorology, game theory, and statistics, was put to good use in several projects.  This work led him to consider the use of mechanical devices for computation, and although the stories about von Neumann imply that his first computer encounter was with the ENIAC, in fact it was with Howard Aiken&#8217;s Harvard Mark I (ASCC) calculator.  His correspondence in 1944 shows his interest with the work of not only Aiken but also the electromechanical relay computers of George Stibitz, and the work by Jan Schilt at the Watson Scientific Computing Laboratory at Columbia University.  By the latter years of World War II von Neumann was playing the part of an executive management consultant, serving on several national committees, applying his amazing ability to rapidly see through problems to their solutions.  Through this means he was also a conduit between groups of scientists who were otherwise shielded from each other by the requirements of secrecy.  He brought together the needs of the Los Alamos National Laboratory (and the Manhattan Project) with the capabilities of firstly the engineers at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering who were building the ENIAC, and later his own work on building the IAS machine.  Several &#8220;supercomputers&#8221; were built by National Laboratories as copies of his machine.</p>
<p>Postwar von Neumann concentrated on the development of the Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) computer and its copies around the world.  His work with the Los Alamos group continued and he continued to develop the synergism between computers capabilities and the needs for computational solutions to nuclear problems related to the hydrogen bomb.</p>
<p>Any computer scientist who reviews the formal obituaries of John von Neumann of the period shortly after his death will be struck by the lack of recognition of his involvement in the field of computers and computing.  His Academy of Sciences biography, written by Salomon Bochner [1958], for example, includes but a single, short paragraph in ten pages &#8211; &#8220;&#8230; in 1944 von Neumann&#8217;s attention turned to computing machines and, somewhat surprisingly, he decided to build his own.  As the years progressed, he appeared to thrive on the multitudinousness of his tasks.  It has been stated that von Neumann&#8217;s electronic computer hastened the hydrogen bomb explosion on November 1, 1952.&#8221;  Dieudonné [1981] is a little more generous with words but appears to confuse the concept of the stored program concept with the wiring of computers: &#8220;Dissatisfied with the computing machines available immediately after the war, he was led to examine from its foundations the optimal method that such machines should follow, and he introduced new procedures in the logical organization, the &#8220;codes&#8221; by which a fixed system of wiring could solve a great variety of problems.&#8221;!</p>
<p>From the point of view of von Neumann&#8217;s contributions to the field of computing, including the application of his concepts of mathematics to computing, and the application of computing to his other interests such as mathematical physics and economics, perhaps the most comprehensive is by Herman Goldstine [1972].  There has been some criticism of Goldstine&#8217;s perspective since he personally was intimately involved in von Neumann&#8217;s computing activities from the time of their chance meeting on the railroad platform at Aberdeen in 1944 <a href="http://ei.cs.vt.edu/%7Ehistory/VonNeumann.html#2">[2]</a> through their joint activities at the Institute for Advanced Studies in developing the IAS machine.</p>
<p>There is no doubt that his insights into the organization of machines led to the infrastructure which is now known as the &#8220;von Neumann Architecture&#8221;.  However, von Neumann&#8217;s ideas were not along those lines originally; he recognized the need for parallelism in computers but equally well recognized the problems of construction and hence settled for a sequential system of implementation.  Through the report entitled First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC [1945], authored solely by von Neumann, the basic elements of the stored program concept were introduced to the industry.  A retrospective examination of the development <a href="http://ei.cs.vt.edu/%7Ehistory/VonNeumann.html#3">[3]</a> of this idea reveals that the concept was discussed by J. Presper Eckert, John Mauchly, Arthur Burks, and others in connection with their plans for a successor machine to the ENIAC.  The &#8220;Draft Report&#8221; was just that, a draft, and although written by von Neumann was intended to be the joint publication of the whole group.  The EDVAC was intended to be the first stored program computer, but the summer school at the Moore School in 1946 there was so much emphasis in the EDVAC that Maurice Wilkes, Cambridge University Mathematical Laboratory, conceived his own design for the EDSAC, which became the world&#8217;s first operational, production, stored-program computer.</p>
<p>In the 1950&#8242;s von Neumann was employed as a consultant to IBM to review proposed and ongoing advanced technology projects.  One day a week, von Neumann &#8220;held court&#8221; at 590 Madison Avenue, New York.  On one of these occasions in 1954 he was confronted with the FORTRAN concept; John Backus remembered von Neumann being unimpressed and that he asked &#8220;why would you want more than machine language?&#8221;  Frank Beckman, who was also present, recalled that von Neumann dismissed the whole development as &#8220;but an application of the idea of Turing&#8217;s `short code&#8217;.&#8221;  Donald Gillies, one of von Neumann&#8217;s students at Princeton, and later a faculty member at the University of Illinois, recalled in the mid-1970&#8242;s that the graduates students were being &#8220;used&#8221; to hand assemble programs into binary for their early machine (probably the IAS machine).  He took time out to build an assembler, but when von Neumann found out about he was very angry, saying (paraphrased), &#8220;It is a waste of a valuable scientific computing instrument to use it to do clerical work.&#8221;  </p>
<p>One last anecdote about von Neumann&#8217;s brilliant mathematical capabilities.  The von Neumann household in Princeton was open to many social activities and on one such occasion someone posed the &#8220;fly and the train&#8221; problem <a href="http://ei.cs.vt.edu/%7Ehistory/VonNeumann.html#4">[4]</a> to von Neumann.  Quickly von Neumann came up with the answer.  Suspecting that he had seen through the problem to discover a simple solution, he was asked how he solved the problem.  &#8220;Simple&#8221;, he responded, &#8220;I summed the series!&#8221; [From Nick Metropolis]</p>
<p><img src="http://ei.cs.vt.edu/%7Ehistory/neuman.medal.jpg" align="left" hspace="10" />The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) continues to honor John von Neumann through the presentation of an annual award in his name.  The IEEE John von Neumann Medal was established by the  Board of Directors in 1990 and may be presented annually &#8220;for  outstanding achievements in computer-related science and  technology.&#8221; The achievements may be theoretical,  technological, or entrepreneurial, and need not have been  made immediately prior to the date of the award. </p>
</p>
<h2>Quotations</h2>
<p>If people do not believe that mathematics is simple, it is only because they do not realize how complicated life is.
<p>Anyone who considers arithmetical methods of producing random numbers is, of course, in a state of sin. (Quoted in Knuth, 1968, Vol. 2, also in Goldstine, 1972, p. 297.)</p>
</p>
<h2>Bibliography </h2>
<h3>Biographical</h3>
<p>Aspray, William F. 1980. <u>From Mathematical Constructivity to Computer Science: Alan Turing, John von Neumann, and the Origins of Computer Science in Mathematical Logic</u>, Unpublished Ph. D. Dissertation, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison WI.
<p>Aspray, William. 1987. &#8220;The Mathematical Reception of the Modern Computer: John von Neumann and the Institute for Advanced Study Computer&#8221;, in Phillips, Esther R. (ed), <u>Studies in the History of Mathematics,</u> Vol. 26, MAA, Washington DC, pp. 166-194.</p>
<p>Bigelow, Julian. 1980. &#8220;Computer Development at the Institute for Advanced Study&#8221;, in Metropolis, N., J. Howlett, and Gian-Carlo Rota. 1980. <u>A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century</u>, Academic Press, Inc., New York.  pp. 291-310.</p>
<p>Birkhoff, G. et al. 1958. &#8220;Memorial Papers on John von Neumann&#8221;,  <i>Bull. AMS</i>, Vol. 64, No. 3, Pt. 2.</p>
<p>Bochner, Salomon. 1958. &#8220;John von Neumann&#8221;, <u>Biographical Memoirs</u>, Vol. 32, National Academy of Sciences, pp. 456-451.</p>
<p>Dieudonné, J. 1981 &#8220;Von Neumann, Johann (or John)&#8221;, in Gillespie, Charles C. <u>Dictionary of Scientific Biography</u>, Charles Scribner&#8217;s Sons, New York, pp. 88-92.</p>
<p>Goldstine, Herman H. 1972. <u>The Computer from Pascal to von Neumann</u>, Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton NJ, 378 pp.</p>
<p>Hurd, Cuthbert. 1981. &#8220;Early IBM Computers: Edited Testimony&#8221;, <i>Ann. Hist. Comp</i>., Vol. 3. No. 1., pp. 163-182.</p>
<p>Ritchie, David. 1986. <u>The Computer Pioneers</u>, Simon &amp; Shuster, Inc., New York, Chapter 9.</p>
<p>Slater, Robert. 1987.<u> Portraits in Silicon</u>, MIT Press, Cambridge MA, Chapter 3.</p>
<p>Stern, Nancy. 1981. <u>From ENIAC to UNIVAC: An Appraisal of the Eckert-Mauchly Computers</u>, Digital Press, Bedford MA.</p>
<p>Stern, Nancy. 1980. &#8220;John von Neumann&#8217;s Influence on Electronic Digital Computing, 1944-46&#8243;, <i>Ann. Hist. Comp</i>., Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 349-362.</p>
<p>Tropp, H. S. 1983. &#8220;John von Neumann&#8221; in Ralston, Anthony, and Edwin D. Reilly, Jr. 1983. <u>Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Engineering</u>, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, pp. 1564-65.</p>
<p>Ulam, S. M. 1980. &#8220;Von Neumann: The Interaction of Mathematics and Computing&#8221;, in Metropolis, N., J. Howlett, and Gian-Carlo Rota. 1980. <u>A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century</u>, Academic Press, Inc., New York.  pp. 93-99.</p>
<p>Ulam, S. April 1982. &#8220;John von Neumann, 1903-1957&#8243;, <i>Ann. Hist. Comp</i>., Vol. 4, No. 2.</p>
<p>Vonneuman, Nicholas A. 1988. <u>John von Neumann &#8211; As Seen by his Brother</u>, Private Printing, Meadowbrook PA.</p>
</p>
<h3>Significant Publications
</p>
</h3>
<p>Charney, J. G., R. Fjörtoft and John von Neumann. 1950. &#8220;Numerical Integration of the Barotropic Vorticity Equation&#8221;, <i>Tellus</i>, Vol. 2, pp. 237-254.
<p>Taub, A. H. (ed). 1961-63. <u>John von Neumann: Collected Works</u>, 1903-1957, 6 Vols., Pergamon Press, Oxford (UK).</p>
<p>von Neumann, John and Oskar Morgenstern. 1944. <u>Theory of Games and Economic Behavior</u>, Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton NJ.</p>
<p>von Neumann, John. 30 June 1945. First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC, Contract No. W-670-ORD-492, Moore School of Electrical Engineering, Univ. of Penn., Philadelphia. Reprinted (in part) in Randell, Brian. 1982. <u>Origins of Digital Computers: Selected Papers</u>, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 383-392.</p>
<p>von Neumann, John. 1946. &#8220;The Principles of Large-Scale Computing Machines&#8221;, reprinted in <i>Ann. Hist. Comp</i>., Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 263-273.</p>
<p>von Neumann, John. 1958. <u>The Computer and the Brain</u>, Yale Univ. Press, New Haven.</p>
<p>von Neumann, John and Arthur W. Burks.  1966.  <u>Theory of Self-Reproducing Automata</u>, Univ. of Illinois Press, Urbana IL.</p>
</p>
<h2>Footnotes:</h2>
<p><a name="1">[1]</a> Originally named Johann, but called Jancsi by the family.
<p><a name="2">[2]</a> Goldstine, 1972, p. 182.</p>
<p><a name="3">[3]</a> See Aspray, W. F. 1982. &#8220;Pioneer Day `82: History of the Stored Program Concept&#8221;, <i>Ann. Hist. Comp</i>., Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 358-53.</p>
<p><a name="4">[4]</a> Suppose two trains on the same track are 20 miles apart, heading towards each other, each traveling at 20 miles per hour.  Suppose a fly, capable of flying at 60 miles per hour leaves the first train, flies to the other, turns around and flies back and forth until the two trains collide.  How far will the fly travel before it is squashed between the crashing trains?</p>
</p>
<p><a name="5">[5]</a> An earlier version of this biography reported that Turing had completed his dissertation under John von Neumann.  This was corrected by Michael Mahoney, Princeton University.  My many thanks.</p>
<p><a href="http://ei.cs.vt.edu/%7Ehistory/VonNeumann.html">John von Neumann</a></p>
<p></p>
<br /><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/categories/thodaworld.wordpress.com/41/" /> <img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/tags/thodaworld.wordpress.com/41/" /> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gocomments/thodaworld.wordpress.com/41/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/comments/thodaworld.wordpress.com/41/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godelicious/thodaworld.wordpress.com/41/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/delicious/thodaworld.wordpress.com/41/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gofacebook/thodaworld.wordpress.com/41/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/facebook/thodaworld.wordpress.com/41/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gotwitter/thodaworld.wordpress.com/41/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/twitter/thodaworld.wordpress.com/41/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gostumble/thodaworld.wordpress.com/41/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/stumble/thodaworld.wordpress.com/41/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godigg/thodaworld.wordpress.com/41/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/digg/thodaworld.wordpress.com/41/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/goreddit/thodaworld.wordpress.com/41/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/reddit/thodaworld.wordpress.com/41/" /></a> <img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=thodaworld.wordpress.com&amp;blog=16514&amp;post=41&amp;subd=thodaworld&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://thodaworld.wordpress.com/2005/12/15/people-and-pioneers-john-louis-von-neumann/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
	
		<media:content url="http://0.gravatar.com/avatar/407bfd8dc5f921caa4b9cdd9bf3c89ae?s=96&#38;d=identicon&#38;r=G" medium="image">
			<media:title type="html">thodaworld</media:title>
		</media:content>

		<media:content url="http://ei.cs.vt.edu/%7Ehistory/vonNeumann.GIF" medium="image" />

		<media:content url="http://ei.cs.vt.edu/%7Ehistory/neuman.medal.jpg" medium="image" />
	</item>
		<item>
		<title>A.M. Turing Award</title>
		<link>http://thodaworld.wordpress.com/2005/12/15/am-turing-award/</link>
		<comments>http://thodaworld.wordpress.com/2005/12/15/am-turing-award/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 15 Dec 2005 17:22:33 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>thodaworld</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Life]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Read]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://thodaworld.wordpress.com/2005/12/15/am-turing-award/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[A.M. Turing Award ACM&#8217;s most prestigious technical award is accompanied by a prize of $100,000. It is given to an individual selected for contributions of a technical nature made to the computing community. The contributions should be of lasting and major technical importance to the computer field. Financial support of the Turing Award is provided [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=thodaworld.wordpress.com&amp;blog=16514&amp;post=40&amp;subd=thodaworld&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://www.acm.org/awards/taward.html"><font face="helvetica" size="5"><b>A.M. Turing Award</b></font></a></p>
<p>ACM&#8217;s most prestigious technical award is accompanied by a prize of $100,000. It is given to an  individual selected for contributions of a technical nature made to the computing community. The  contributions should be of lasting and major technical importance to the computer field.  Financial  support of the Turing Award is provided by the Intel Corporation.</p>
<p>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td nowrap="nowrap" valign="top">	<font color="#993399" size="5"><b>2004 Winners:</b></font>	</td>
<td>	<img src="http://www.acm.org/awards/images/spacer.gif" height="1" width="10" />	</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" valign="top"><font color="#993399" size="5"><a href="http://www.acm.org/awards/turing_citations/cerf_kahn.html">Vinton G. Cerf</a><br /><a href="http://www.acm.org/awards/turing_citations/cerf_kahn.html">Robert E. Kahn</a><br /></font>	</td>
<td width="100%"></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><b>Award Recipients</b><br /><img src="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" border="0" height="2" hspace="10" width="1" /><br /> <br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><font color="#993390"><b>1966</b></font>  <a href="http://www.acm.org/awards/turing_citations/perlis.html">A.J. Perlis</a><br /><img src="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" border="0" height="2" hspace="10" width="1" /><br /><font color="#993390"><b>1967</b></font>  <a href="http://www.acm.org/awards/turing_citations/wilkes.html">Maurice V. Wilkes</a><br /><img src="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" border="0" height="2" hspace="10" width="1" /><br /><font color="#993390"><b>1968</b></font>  <a href="http://www.acm.org/awards/turing_citations/hamming.html">Richard Hamming</a><br /><img src="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" border="0" height="2" hspace="10" width="1" /><br /><font color="#993390"><b>1969</b></font>  <a href="http://www.acm.org/awards/turing_citations/minsky.html">Marvin Minsky</a><br /><img src="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" border="0" height="2" hspace="10" width="1" /><br /><font color="#993390"><b>1970</b></font>  <a href="http://www.acm.org/awards/turing_citations/wilkinson.html">J.H. Wilkinson</a><br /><img src="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" border="0" height="2" hspace="10" width="1" /><br /><font color="#993390"><b>1971</b></font>  <a href="http://www.acm.org/awards/turing_citations/mccarthy.html">John McCarthy</a><br /><img src="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" border="0" height="2" hspace="10" width="1" /><br /><font color="#993390"><b>1972</b></font>  <a href="http://www.acm.org/awards/turing_citations/dijkstra.html">E.W. Dijkstra</a><br /><img src="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" border="0" height="2" hspace="10" width="1" /><br /><font color="#993390"><b>1973</b></font>  <a href="http://www.acm.org/awards/turing_citations/bachman.html">Charles W. Bachman</a><br /><img src="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" border="0" height="2" hspace="10" width="1" /><br /><font color="#993390"><b>1974</b></font>  <a href="http://www.acm.org/awards/turing_citations/knuth.html">Donald E. Knuth</a><br /><img src="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" border="0" height="2" hspace="10" width="1" /><br /><font color="#993390"><b>1975</b></font>  <a href="http://www.acm.org/awards/turing_citations/newell.html">Allen Newell</a><br /><img src="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" border="0" height="2" hspace="10" width="1" /><br /><font color="#993390"><b>1975</b></font>  <a href="http://www.acm.org/awards/turing_citations/simon.html">Herbert A. Simon</a><br /><img src="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" border="0" height="2" hspace="10" width="1" /><br /><font color="#993390"><b>1976</b></font>  <a href="http://www.acm.org/awards/turing_citations/rabin.html">Michael O. Rabin</a><br /><img src="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" border="0" height="2" hspace="10" width="1" /><br /><font color="#993390"><b>1976</b></font>  <a href="http://www.acm.org/awards/turing_citations/scott.html">Dana S. Scott</a><br /><img src="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" border="0" height="2" hspace="10" width="1" /><br /><font color="#993390"><b>1977</b></font>  <a href="http://www.acm.org/awards/turing_citations/backus.html">John Backus</a><br /><img src="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" border="0" height="2" hspace="10" width="1" /><br /><font color="#993390"><b>1978</b></font>  <a href="http://www.acm.org/awards/turing_citations/floyd.html">Robert W. Floyd</a><br /><img src="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" border="0" height="2" hspace="10" width="1" /><br /><font color="#993390"><b>1979</b></font>  <a href="http://www.acm.org/awards/turing_citations/iverson.html">Kenneth E. Iverson</a><br /><img src="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" border="0" height="2" hspace="10" width="1" /><br /><font color="#993390"><b>1980</b></font>  <a href="http://www.acm.org/awards/turing_citations/hoare.html">C. Antony R. Hoare</a><br /><img src="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" border="0" height="2" hspace="10" width="1" /><br /><font color="#993390"><b>1981</b></font>  <a href="http://www.acm.org/awards/turing_citations/codd.html">Edgar F. Codd</a><br /><img src="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" border="0" height="2" hspace="10" width="1" /><br /><font color="#993390"><b>1982</b></font>  <a href="http://www.acm.org/awards/turing_citations/cook.html">Stephen A. Cook</a><br /><img src="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" border="0" height="2" hspace="10" width="1" /><br /><font color="#993390"><b>1983</b></font>  <a href="http://www.acm.org/awards/turing_citations/thompson.html">Ken Thompson</a><br /><img src="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" border="0" height="2" hspace="10" width="1" /> </td>
<td width="15"> <img src="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" border="0" height="1" width="15" />                            </td>
<td valign="top"><font color="#993390"><b>1983</b></font>  <a href="http://www.acm.org/awards/turing_citations/ritchie.html">Dennis M. Ritchie</a><br /><img src="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" border="0" height="2" hspace="10" width="1" /><br /><font color="#993390"><b>1984</b></font>  <a href="http://www.acm.org/awards/turing_citations/wirth.html">Niklaus Wirth</a><br /><img src="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" border="0" height="2" hspace="10" width="1" /><br /><font color="#993390"><b>1985</b></font>  <a href="http://www.acm.org/awards/turing_citations/karp.html">Richard M. Karp</a><br /><img src="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" border="0" height="2" hspace="10" width="1" /><br /><font color="#993390"><b>1986</b></font>  <a href="http://www.acm.org/awards/turing_citations/hopcroft.html">John Hopcroft</a><br /><img src="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" border="0" height="2" hspace="10" width="1" /><br /><font color="#993390"><b>1986</b></font>  <a href="http://www.acm.org/awards/turing_citations/tarjan.html">Robert Tarjan</a><br /><img src="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" border="0" height="2" hspace="10" width="1" /><br /><font color="#993390"><b>1987</b></font>  <a href="http://www.acm.org/awards/turing_citations/cocke.html">John Cocke</a><br /><img src="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" border="0" height="2" hspace="10" width="1" /><br /><font color="#993390"><b>1988</b></font>  <a href="http://www.acm.org/awards/turing_citations/sutherland.html">Ivan Sutherland</a><br /><img src="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" border="0" height="2" hspace="10" width="1" /><br /><font color="#993390"><b>1989</b></font>  <a href="http://www.acm.org/awards/turing_citations/kahan.html">William (Velvel) Kahan</a><br /><img src="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" border="0" height="2" hspace="10" width="1" /><br /><font color="#993390"><b>1990</b></font>  <a href="http://www.acm.org/awards/turing_citations/corbato.html">Fernando J. Corbato&#8217;</a><br /><img src="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" border="0" height="2" hspace="10" width="1" /><br /><font color="#993390"><b>1991</b></font>  <a href="http://www.acm.org/awards/turing_citations/milner.html">Robin Milner</a><br /><img src="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" border="0" height="2" hspace="10" width="1" /><br /><font color="#993390"><b>1992</b></font>  <a href="http://www.acm.org/awards/turing_citations/lampson.html">Butler W. Lampson</a><br /><img src="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" border="0" height="2" hspace="10" width="1" /><br /><font color="#993390"><b>1993</b></font>  <a href="http://www.acm.org/awards/turing_citations/hartmanis.html">Juris Hartmanis</a><br /><img src="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" border="0" height="2" hspace="10" width="1" /><br /><font color="#993390"><b>1993</b></font>  <a href="http://www.acm.org/awards/turing_citations/stearns.html">Richard E. Stearns</a><br /><img src="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" border="0" height="2" hspace="10" width="1" /><br /><font color="#993390"><b>1994</b></font>  <a href="http://www.acm.org/awards/turing_citations/feigenbaum.html">Edward Feigenbaum</a><br /><img src="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" border="0" height="2" hspace="10" width="1" /><br /><font color="#993390"><b>1994</b></font>  <a href="http://www.acm.org/awards/turing_citations/reddy.html">Raj Reddy</a><br /><img src="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" border="0" height="2" hspace="10" width="1" /><br /><font color="#993390"><b>1995</b></font>  <a href="http://www.acm.org/awards/turing_citations/blum.html">Manuel Blum</a><br /><img src="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" border="0" height="2" hspace="10" width="1" /><br /><font color="#993390"><b>1996</b></font>  <a href="http://www.acm.org/awards/turing_citations/pnueli.html">Amir Pnueli</a><br /><img src="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" border="0" height="2" hspace="10" width="1" /><br /><font color="#993390"><b>1997</b></font>  <a href="http://www.acm.org/awards/turing_citations/engelbart.html">Douglas Engelbart</a><br /><img src="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" border="0" height="2" hspace="10" width="1" /><br /><font color="#993390"><b>1998</b></font>  <a href="http://www.acm.org/awards/turing_citations/gray.html">James Gray</a><br /><img src="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" border="0" height="2" hspace="10" width="1" /><br /><font color="#993390"><b>1999</b></font>  <a href="http://www.acm.org/awards/turing_citations/brooks.html">Frederick P. Brooks, Jr.</a><br /><img src="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" border="0" height="2" hspace="10" width="1" /></td>
<td width="15"> <img src="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" border="0" height="1" width="15" />                            </td>
<td valign="top"> <font color="#993390"><b>2000</b></font>  <a href="http://www.acm.org/awards/turing_citations/yao.html">Andrew Chi-Chih Yao</a><br /><img src="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" border="0" height="2" hspace="10" width="1" /><br /><font color="#993390"><b>2001</b></font>  <a href="http://www.acm.org/awards/turing_citations/dahl-nygaard.html">Ole-Johan Dahl</a><br /><img src="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" border="0" height="2" hspace="10" width="1" /><br /><font color="#993390"><b>2001</b></font>  <a href="http://www.acm.org/awards/turing_citations/dahl-nygaard.html">Kristen Nygaard</a><br /><img src="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" border="0" height="2" hspace="10" width="1" /><br /><font color="#993390"><b>2002</b></font>  <a href="http://www.acm.org/awards/turing_citations/rivest-shamir-adleman.html">Ronald L. Rivest</a><br /><img src="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" border="0" height="2" hspace="10" width="1" /><br /><font color="#993390"><b>2002</b></font>  <a href="http://www.acm.org/awards/turing_citations/rivest-shamir-adleman.html">Adi Shamir</a><br /><img src="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" border="0" height="2" hspace="10" width="1" /><br /><font color="#993390"><b>2002</b></font>  <a href="http://www.acm.org/awards/turing_citations/rivest-shamir-adleman.html">Leonard M. Adleman</a><br /><img src="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" border="0" height="2" hspace="10" width="1" /><br /><font color="#993390"><b>2003</b></font>  <a href="http://www.acm.org/talks/AlanKay/KayTuring.htm">Alan Kay</a></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><a href="http://www.acm.org/awards/taward.html">ACM: A.M. Turing Award</a></p>
<p><big><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_Award">Another source from wikipedia</a></big>
<p>The <b>A.M. Turing Award</b> is given annually by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">Association for Computing Machinery</a> to a person selected for contributions of a technical nature made to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing" title="Computing">computing</a> community. The contributions should be of lasting and major technical importance to the computer field. Most of the recipients have been <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_scientist" title="Computer scientist">computer scientists</a>.</p>
<p>The award is named after <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Mathison Turing</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912" title="1912">1912</a>–<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954" title="1954">1954</a>), a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> mathematician considered to be one of the fathers of modern <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a>.</p>
<p>The Turing Award is often recognized as the &#8220;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> of computing&#8221;. It is sponsored by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a> Corporation and currently is accompanied by a prize of $100,000.</p>
<p>The award recipients, and the field in which they earned the recognition are listed below. Refer to the individual recipients for more detailed information on their achievements.</p>
<p>//</p>
<p><a name="Nationality"></a><br />
<h2>Nationality</h2>
<p>Most of Turing Award recipients are Americans. Here is the national distribution of Turing Award recipients from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966" title="1966">1966</a> to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004" title="2004">2004</a>:</p>
<ul>
<li>USA: 35</li>
<li>United Kingdom: 5</li>
<li>Israel: 3</li>
<li>Canada: 2</li>
<li>Norway: 2</li>
<li>Netherlands: 1</li>
<li>Switzerland: 1</li>
</ul>
<p>Note that ACM is a primarily American association.</p>
<p><a name="Turing_Award_recipients"></a></p>
<h2>Turing Award recipients</h2>
<table border="1" cellpadding="2">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Year</th>
<th>Name(s)</th>
<th>Citation</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966" title="1966">1966</a></td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Perlis" title="Alan Perlis">Alan J. Perlis</a></td>
<td><i>For his influence in the area of advanced <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming" title="Programming">programming</a> techniques and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compiler</a> construction</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967" title="1967">1967</a></td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_V._Wilkes" title="Maurice V. Wilkes">Maurice V. Wilkes</a></td>
<td><i>Professor Wilkes is best known as the builder and designer of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDSAC" title="EDSAC">EDSAC</a>, the first computer with an internally stored <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_program" title="Computer program">program</a>. Built in 1949, the EDSAC used a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_delay_line_memory" title="Mercury delay line memory">mercury delay line memory</a>. He is also known as the author, with Wheeler and Gill, of a volume on &#8220;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Preparation_of_Programs_for_Electronic_Digital_Computers&amp;action=edit" title="Preparation of Programs for Electronic Digital Computers">Preparation of Programs for Electronic Digital Computers</a>&#8221; in 1951, in which <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_libraries" title="Program libraries">program libraries</a> were effectively introduced</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968" title="1968">1968</a></td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Hamming" title="Richard Hamming">Richard Hamming</a></td>
<td><i>For his work on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_methods" title="Numerical methods">numerical methods</a>, automatic coding systems, and error-detecting and error-correcting codes</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969" title="1969">1969</a></td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin_Minsky" title="Marvin Minsky">Marvin Minsky</a></td>
<td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a></i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970" title="1970">1970</a></td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Wilkinson" title="James H. Wilkinson">James H. Wilkinson</a></td>
<td><i>For his research in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_analysis" title="Numerical analysis">numerical analysis</a> to facilitiate the use of the high-speed digital computer, having received special recognition for his work in computations in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_algebra" title="Linear algebra">linear algebra</a> and &#8220;backward&#8221; error analysis</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971" title="1971">1971</a></td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCarthy_%28computer_scientist%29" title="John McCarthy (computer scientist)">John McCarthy</a></td>
<td><i>Dr. McCarthy&#8217;s lecture &#8220;The Present State of Research on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence" title="Artificial Intelligence">Artificial Intelligence</a>&#8221; is a topic that covers the area in which he has achieved considerable recognition for his work</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972" title="1972">1972</a></td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edsger_Dijkstra" title="Edsger Dijkstra">Edsger Dijkstra</a></td>
<td><i>Edsger Dijkstra was a principal contributor in the late 1950&#8242;s to the development of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL">ALGOL</a>, a high level <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a> which has become a model of clarity and mathematical rigor. He is one of the principal exponents of the science and art of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a> in general, and has greatly contributed to our understanding of their structure, representation, and implementation. His fifteen years of publications extend from theoretical articles on graph theory to basic manuals, expository texts, and philosophical contemplations in the field of programming languages</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973" title="1973">1973</a></td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bachman" title="Charles Bachman">Charles W. Bachman</a></td>
<td><i>For his outstanding contributions to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database" title="Database">database</a> technology</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974" title="1974">1974</a></td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Knuth" title="Donald Knuth">Donald E. Knuth</a></td>
<td><i>For his major contributions to the analysis of algorithms and the design of programming languages, and in particular for his contributions to &#8220;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Art_of_Computer_Programming" title="The Art of Computer Programming">The Art of Computer Programming</a>&#8221; through his well-known books in a continuous series by this title</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975" title="1975">1975</a></td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Newell" title="Allen Newell">Allen Newell</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Simon" title="Herbert Simon">Herbert A. Simon</a></td>
<td><i>In joint scientific efforts extending over twenty years, initially in collaboration with J. C. Shaw at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAND_Corporation" title="RAND Corporation">RAND Corporation</a>, and subsequentially with numerous faculty and student colleagues at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie-Mellon_University" title="Carnegie-Mellon University">Carnegie-Mellon University</a>, they have made basic contributions to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>, the psychology of human cognition, and list processing</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976" title="1976">1976</a></td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_O._Rabin" title="Michael O. Rabin">Michael O. Rabin</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana_Scott" title="Dana Scott">Dana S. Scott</a></td>
<td><i>For their joint paper &#8220;Finite Automata and Their Decision Problem,&#8221; which introduced the idea of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nondeterministic_machines&amp;action=edit" title="Nondeterministic machines">nondeterministic machines</a>, which has proved to be an enormously valuable concept. Their (Scott &amp; Rabin) classic paper has been a continuous source of inspiration for subsequent work in this field</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977" title="1977">1977</a></td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Backus" title="John Backus">John Backus</a></td>
<td><i>For profound, influential, and lasting contributions to the design of practical high-level programming systems, notably through his work on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FORTRAN" title="FORTRAN">FORTRAN</a>, and for seminal publication of formal procedures for the specification of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a></i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978" title="1978">1978</a></td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Floyd" title="Robert Floyd">Robert W. Floyd</a></td>
<td><i>For having a clear influence on methodologies for the creation of efficient and reliable software, and for helping to found the following important subfields of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a>: the theory of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsing" title="Parsing">parsing</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">semantics</a> of programming languages, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automatic_program_verification&amp;action=edit" title="Automatic program verification">automatic program verification</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automatic_program_synthesis&amp;action=edit" title="Automatic program synthesis">automatic program synthesis</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analysis_of_algorithms" title="Analysis of algorithms">analysis of algorithms</a></i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979" title="1979">1979</a></td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_E._Iverson" title="Kenneth E. Iverson">Kenneth E. Iverson</a></td>
<td><i>For his pioneering effort in programming languages and mathematical notation resulting in what the computing field now knows as APL, for his contributions to the implementation of interactive systems, to educational uses of APL, and to programming language theory and practice</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980" title="1980">1980</a></td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._A._R._Hoare" title="C. A. R. Hoare">C. Antony R. Hoare</a></td>
<td><i>For his fundamental contributions to the definition and design of programming languages</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981" title="1981">1981</a></td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_F._Codd" title="Edgar F. Codd">Edgar F. Codd</a></td>
<td><i>For his fundamental and continuing contributions to the theory and practice of database management systems</i>, esp. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_database" title="Relational database">relational databases</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982" title="1982">1982</a></td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_A._Cook" title="Stephen A. Cook">Stephen A. Cook</a></td>
<td><i>For his advancement of our understanding of the complexity of computation in a significant and profound way</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983" title="1983">1983</a></td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Thompson" title="Ken Thompson">Ken Thompson</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_M._Ritchie" title="Dennis M. Ritchie">Dennis M. Ritchie</a></td>
<td><i>For their development of generic operating systems theory and specifically for the implementation of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">UNIX</a> operating system</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984" title="1984">1984</a></td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niklaus_Wirth" title="Niklaus Wirth">Niklaus Wirth</a></td>
<td><i>For developing a sequence of innovative computer languages, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler" title="Euler">EULER</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algol-W" title="Algol-W">ALGOL-W</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modula" title="Modula">MODULA</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PASCAL" title="PASCAL">PASCAL</a></i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985" title="1985">1985</a></td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_M._Karp" title="Richard M. Karp">Richard M. Karp</a></td>
<td><i>For his continuing contributions to the theory of algorithms including the development of efficient algorithms for network flow and other combinatorial optimization problems, the identification of polynomial-time computability with the intuitive notion of algorithmic efficiency, and, most notably, contributions to the theory of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NP-complete" title="NP-complete">NP-completeness</a></i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986" title="1986">1986</a></td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hopcroft" title="John Hopcroft">John Hopcroft</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Tarjan" title="Robert Tarjan">Robert Tarjan</a></td>
<td><i>For fundamental achievements in the design and analysis of algorithms and data structures</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987" title="1987">1987</a></td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cocke" title="John Cocke">John Cocke</a></td>
<td><i>For significant contributions in the design and theory of compilers, the architecture of large systems and the development of reduced instruction set computers (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RISC" title="RISC">RISC</a>)</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988" title="1988">1988</a></td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Sutherland" title="Ivan Sutherland">Ivan Sutherland</a></td>
<td><i>For his pioneering and visionary contributions to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">computer graphics</a>, starting with Sketchpad, and continuing after</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989">1989</a></td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Kahan" title="William Kahan">William (Velvel) Kahan</a></td>
<td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_analysis" title="Numerical analysis">numerical analysis</a></i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990" title="1990">1990</a></td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_J._Corbat%C3%B3" title="Fernando J. Corbató">Fernando J. Corbató</a></td>
<td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTSS" title="CTSS">CTSS</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multics" title="Multics">Multics</a></i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991">1991</a></td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Milner" title="Robin Milner">Robin Milner</a></td>
<td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCF_theorem_prover" title="LCF theorem prover">LCF</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ML_programming_language" title="ML programming language">ML</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculus_of_Communicating_Systems" title="Calculus of Communicating Systems">CCS</a></i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992" title="1992">1992</a></td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butler_W._Lampson" title="Butler W. Lampson">Butler W. Lampson</a></td>
<td><i>distributed, personal computing environments</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993" title="1993">1993</a></td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juris_Hartmanis" title="Juris Hartmanis">Juris Hartmanis</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_E._Stearns" title="Richard E. Stearns">Richard E. Stearns</a></td>
<td><i>computational complexity theory</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994" title="1994">1994</a></td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Feigenbaum" title="Edward Feigenbaum">Edward Feigenbaum</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raj_Reddy" title="Raj Reddy">Raj Reddy</a></td>
<td><i>large scale artificial intelligence systems</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995" title="1995">1995</a></td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Blum" title="Manuel Blum">Manuel Blum</a></td>
<td><i>computational complexity theory, its application to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">cryptography</a> and program checking</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996" title="1996">1996</a></td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_Pnueli" title="Amir Pnueli">Amir Pnueli</a></td>
<td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporal_logic" title="Temporal logic">temporal logic</a>, program and systems <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verification" title="Verification">verification</a></i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997" title="1997">1997</a></td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Engelbart" title="Douglas Engelbart">Douglas Engelbart</a></td>
<td><i>interactive computing</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998" title="1998">1998</a></td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Gray_%28researcher%29" title="James Gray (researcher)">James Gray</a></td>
<td><i>database and transaction processing</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999" title="1999">1999</a></td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_P._Brooks" title="Frederick P. Brooks">Frederick P. Brooks, Jr.</a></td>
<td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">computer architecture</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_systems" title="Operating systems">operating systems</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">software engineering</a></i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000" title="2000">2000</a></td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Chi-Chih_Yao" title="Andrew Chi-Chih Yao">Andrew Chi-Chih Yao</a></td>
<td><i>theory of computation incl. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudorandom_number_generator" title="Pseudorandom number generator">pseudorandom number generation</a>, cryptography, and communication complexity</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001">2001</a></td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ole-Johan_Dahl" title="Ole-Johan Dahl">Ole-Johan Dahl</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristen_Nygaard" title="Kristen Nygaard">Kristen Nygaard</a></td>
<td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_oriented_programming" title="Object oriented programming">object oriented programming</a></i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002" title="2002">2002</a></td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Rivest" title="Ron Rivest">Ronald L. Rivest</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Shamir" title="Adi Shamir">Adi Shamir</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Adleman" title="Leonard Adleman">Leonard M. Adleman</a></td>
<td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_key_cryptography" title="Public key cryptography">public key cryptography</a></i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003" title="2003">2003</a></td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Kay" title="Alan Kay">Alan Kay</a></td>
<td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_oriented_programming" title="Object oriented programming">object oriented programming</a></i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004" title="2004">2004</a></td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinton_G._Cerf" title="Vinton G. Cerf">Vinton G. Cerf</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_E._Kahn" title="Robert E. Kahn">Robert E. Kahn</a></td>
<td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP" title="TCP/IP">TCP/IP</a> protocol suite</i></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>
<p><a href="http://www.acm.org/awards/taward.html"><br /></a></p>
<p></p>
<br /><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/categories/thodaworld.wordpress.com/40/" /> <img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/tags/thodaworld.wordpress.com/40/" /> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gocomments/thodaworld.wordpress.com/40/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/comments/thodaworld.wordpress.com/40/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godelicious/thodaworld.wordpress.com/40/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/delicious/thodaworld.wordpress.com/40/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gofacebook/thodaworld.wordpress.com/40/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/facebook/thodaworld.wordpress.com/40/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gotwitter/thodaworld.wordpress.com/40/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/twitter/thodaworld.wordpress.com/40/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gostumble/thodaworld.wordpress.com/40/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/stumble/thodaworld.wordpress.com/40/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godigg/thodaworld.wordpress.com/40/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/digg/thodaworld.wordpress.com/40/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/goreddit/thodaworld.wordpress.com/40/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/reddit/thodaworld.wordpress.com/40/" /></a> <img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=thodaworld.wordpress.com&amp;blog=16514&amp;post=40&amp;subd=thodaworld&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://thodaworld.wordpress.com/2005/12/15/am-turing-award/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
	
		<media:content url="http://0.gravatar.com/avatar/407bfd8dc5f921caa4b9cdd9bf3c89ae?s=96&#38;d=identicon&#38;r=G" medium="image">
			<media:title type="html">thodaworld</media:title>
		</media:content>

		<media:content url="http://www.acm.org/awards/images/spacer.gif" medium="image" />

		<media:content url="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" medium="image" />

		<media:content url="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" medium="image" />

		<media:content url="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" medium="image" />

		<media:content url="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" medium="image" />

		<media:content url="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" medium="image" />

		<media:content url="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" medium="image" />

		<media:content url="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" medium="image" />

		<media:content url="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" medium="image" />

		<media:content url="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" medium="image" />

		<media:content url="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" medium="image" />

		<media:content url="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" medium="image" />

		<media:content url="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" medium="image" />

		<media:content url="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" medium="image" />

		<media:content url="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" medium="image" />

		<media:content url="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" medium="image" />

		<media:content url="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" medium="image" />

		<media:content url="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" medium="image" />

		<media:content url="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" medium="image" />

		<media:content url="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" medium="image" />

		<media:content url="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" medium="image" />

		<media:content url="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" medium="image" />

		<media:content url="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" medium="image" />

		<media:content url="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" medium="image" />

		<media:content url="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" medium="image" />

		<media:content url="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" medium="image" />

		<media:content url="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" medium="image" />

		<media:content url="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" medium="image" />

		<media:content url="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" medium="image" />

		<media:content url="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" medium="image" />

		<media:content url="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" medium="image" />

		<media:content url="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" medium="image" />

		<media:content url="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" medium="image" />

		<media:content url="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" medium="image" />

		<media:content url="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" medium="image" />

		<media:content url="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" medium="image" />

		<media:content url="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" medium="image" />

		<media:content url="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" medium="image" />

		<media:content url="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" medium="image" />

		<media:content url="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" medium="image" />

		<media:content url="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" medium="image" />

		<media:content url="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" medium="image" />

		<media:content url="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" medium="image" />

		<media:content url="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" medium="image" />

		<media:content url="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" medium="image" />

		<media:content url="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" medium="image" />

		<media:content url="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" medium="image" />

		<media:content url="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" medium="image" />

		<media:content url="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" medium="image" />

		<media:content url="http://www.acm.org/images/dot_clear.gif" medium="image" />
	</item>
		<item>
		<title>PEOPLE and PIONEERS : Alan Mathison Turing</title>
		<link>http://thodaworld.wordpress.com/2005/12/15/people-and-pioneers-alan-mathison-turing/</link>
		<comments>http://thodaworld.wordpress.com/2005/12/15/people-and-pioneers-alan-mathison-turing/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 15 Dec 2005 17:09:08 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>thodaworld</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Life]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Read]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://thodaworld.wordpress.com/2005/12/15/people-and-pioneers-alan-mathison-turing/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Alan Turing by John M. Kowalik Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for CS 3604, Professionalism in Computing, Fall 1995. Born 23 June 1912, London; Died 7 June 1954, Manchester England;Pioneer in developing computer logic as we know it today. Oneof the first to approach the topic of artificial intelligence. Education: Sherborne School, 1926-31; [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=thodaworld.wordpress.com&amp;blog=16514&amp;post=39&amp;subd=thodaworld&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1>Alan Turing</h1>
<p>by</p>
<h2>John M. Kowalik</h2>
<p>Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for CS 3604, Professionalism in Computing, Fall 1995.
<p><img src="http://ei.cs.vt.edu/%7Ehistory/TURING.GIF" /> </p>
<p>Born 23 June 1912, London; Died 7 June 1954, Manchester England;Pioneer in developing computer logic as we know it today. Oneof the first to approach the topic of artificial intelligence.</p>
<p><i>Education:</i> Sherborne School, 1926-31; Wrangler, MathematicsTripos, Kings College, Cambridge,1931; Ph.D., Princeton University,1938</p>
<p><i>Professional Experience:</i> Fellow, King&#8217;s College, 1935-45;PrincetonUniversity, 1936-38; British Foreign Office, Bletchley Park, 1939-45;National Physical Laboratory, 1945-48; University of Manchester,1948-54;</p>
<p><i>Honors and Awards:</i> Smith&#8217;s Prize, Cambridge University,1936; Order of the British Empire (OBE), 1946; Fellow, Royal Society,1951. </p>
<hr />
<p> Alan Mathison Turing was one of the great pioneers of the computerfield.  He inspired the now common terms of &#8220;The Turing Machine&#8221;and &#8220;Turing&#8217;s Test.&#8221;  As a mathematician he appliedthe concept of the algorithm to digital computers.  His researchinto the relationships between machines and nature created thefield of artificial intelligence.  His intelligence and foresightmade him one of the first to step into the information age.</p>
<p> Alan Turing was born in London on June 23, 1912.  As soon ashe began attending school, his aptitude for the sciences beganto emerge.  When it came to the more &#8216;right brain&#8217; topics of Englishand history however, his attention waned.  His instructors attemptedto get Alan to study other disciplines, but he would respond tomathematics and science.  He retained this trait throughout hiseducation.</p>
<p> He began his career in mathematics at King&#8217;s College, CambridgeUniversity in 1931.  It was here that his tendencies to recreateprevious discoveries began to emerge.  Turing seemed to have littleinterest in using the work of previous scientists; he would typicallyspend time recreating their work instead.  Upon graduation, Turingwas made a fellow of King&#8217;s College, and then moved on to PrincetonUniversity.  It was during this time that he explored what waslater called the &#8220;Turing Machine.&#8221;  </p>
<p> Turing helped pioneer the concept of the digital computer.  TheTuring Machine that he envisioned is essentially the same as today&#8217;smulti-purpose computers.  He described a machine that would reada series of ones and zeros from a tape.  These ones and zerosdescribed the steps that needed to be done to solve a particularproblem or perform a certain task.  The Turing Machine would readeach of the steps and perform them in sequence, resulting in theproper answer.  </p>
<p> This concept was revolutionary for the time.  Most computersin the 1950&#8242;s were designed for a particular purpose or a limitedrange of purposes.  What Turing envisioned was a machine thatcould do anything, something that we take for granted today. The method of instructing the computer was very important in Turing&#8217;sconcept.  He essentially described a machine which knew a fewsimple instructions.  Making the computer perform a particulartask was simply a matter of breaking the job down into a seriesof these simple instructions.  This is identical to the processprogrammers go through today.  He believed that an algorithm couldbe developed for most any problem.  The hard part was determiningwhat the simple steps were and how to break down the larger problems.</p>
<p> During World War II, Turing used his knowledge and ideas in theDepartment of Communications in Great Britain.  There he usedhis mathematical skills to decipher the codes the Germans wereusing to communicate.  This was an especially difficult task becausethe Germans had developed a type of computer called the Enigma. It was able to generate a constantly changing code that was impossiblefor the code breakers to decipher in a timely fashion.</p>
<p><img src="http://ei.cs.vt.edu/%7Ehistory/ENIGMA_S.GIF" />The Enigma<br /> During his time with the Department of Communications in GreatBritain, Turing and his fellow scientists worked with a devicecalled COLOSSUS.  The COLOSSUS quickly and efficiently decipheredthe German codes created by the Enigma.  COLOSSUS was essentiallya bunch of servomotors and metal, but it was one of the firststeps toward the digital computer.</p>
<p> After World War II, Turing found he needed a way to relieve thestress he had been experiencing and took up long distance running. Much like everything else he enjoyed, he discovered he was quitegood at it.  He obtained record times in both the 3 and 10 mileraces in the Walton Athletic Club.  Typical of his logical nature,his sometimes used his athletic ability to run between locationsfor his lectures.</p>
<p> Turing went on to work for the National Physical Laboratory (NPL)and continued his research into digital computers.  Here he workedon developing the Automatic Computing Engine (ACE), one of thefirst attempts at creating a true digital computer.  It was duringthis time that he began to explore the relationship between computersand nature.  He wrote a paper called &#8220;Intelligent Machinery&#8221;which was later published in 1969.  This was one of the firsttimes the concept of artificial intelligence was raised.</p>
<p> Turing believed that machines could be created that would mimicthe processes of the human brain.  He discussed the possibilityof such machines, acknowledging the difficulty people would haveaccepting a machine that would rival their own intelligence, aproblem that still plagues artificial intelligence today.  Inhis mind, there was nothing the brain could do that a well designedcomputer could not.  As part of his argument, Turing describeddevices already in existence that worked like parts of the humanbody, such as television cameras and microphones.</p>
<p> Turing often got into heated debates with other scientists regardinghis radical views of the future of computing.  From our pointof view, the ideas he had are logical and are anything but surprising. From the point of view of his peers at the time, his ideas wereoutlandish.  An interesting rebuttal Turing would use during sucha debate was to ask his colleague if they could create an examinationthat a computer could not be trained to answer.  A computer wouldhave no problem with a multiple choice exam, however an essaytest would seem to be out of the range of a computer, howeverthis just further indicates Turing&#8217;s accurate predictions.  Thereis software available today that allows computers to write essaysgiven only a few guidelines and keywords.</p>
<p> Turing believed that an intelligent machine could be createdby following the blueprints of the human brain.  He wrote a paperin 1950 describing what is now known as the &#8220;Turing Test.&#8221; The test consisted of a person asking questions via keyboardto both a person and an intelligent machine.  He believed thatif the person could not tell the machine apart from the personafter a reasonable amount of time, the machine was somewhat intelligent. This test has become the &#8216;holy grail&#8217; of the artificial intelligencecommunity.  Turing&#8217;s paper describing the test has been used incountless journals and papers relating to machine intelligence. The 1987 edition of the <u>Oxford Companion to the Mind</u> describesthe Turing test as &#8220;the best test we have for confirmingthe presence of intelligence in a machine.&#8221; (Crockett p.1) </p>
<p> Even more recently, The Computer Museum of Boston hosted theLoebner Prize Competition in November 1991.  The software developerswere tasked with developing a program that could pass a scaleddown version of the Turing test.  Modified in that the machineswere only required to converse on a limited topic.  The only problemwith the value of this test lies in the semantics of artificialintelligence.  One has to distinguish between software that isprogrammed to appear intelligent versus one that actually hasintelligence.  Determining where one begins and ends is a problembest left to philosophers.</p>
<p> Turing left the National Physical Laboratory before the completionof the Automatic Computing Engine and moved on to the Universityof Manchester.  There he worked on the development of the ManchesterAutomatic Digital Machine (MADAM).  He truly believed that machineswould be created by the year 2000 that could replicate the humanmind.  Turing worked toward this end by creating algorithms andprograms for the MADAM.  He worked to create the operating manualfor the MADAM and became one of the main users of MADAM to furtherhis research.</p>
<p> One major aspect of Turing&#8217;s life that often goes unnoticed ishis work in biology.  Turing only published one paper, entitled<u>The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis</u> in 1952.  He had writtena number of other papers, but none were finished before his death. These have since been published in draft form.  Turing&#8217;s mainfocus in biology was the physical structure of living things. He was interested in how and why organisms developed particularshapes.  There are millions of cells in a person or a tree, andyet all know what shape to be.  Turing wanted to figure out why.</p>
<p> An important foundation of his research was the &#8216;argument fromdesign.&#8217; (Saunders)  The basic idea behind this first came aroundwhen people still believed that there was an all powerful beingthat had sculpted every living thing.  How else could all theseorganisms have gotten their various physical traits that allowthem to exist in their particular environment?  The theory ofgod&#8217;s intervention was replaced by Darwin&#8217;s idea of natural selectionbefore Turing became involved, but the concept still works.  Thestructure is being determined by outside intervention.</p>
<p> Turing did not subscribe to this theory.  He was influenced greatlyby the biologist D&#8217;Arcy Thompson who believed that biologicalform was simply a result of chemical and physical processes. The selection of the structure does not come into play until thepossible forms have been determined.  The basic bottom line forTuring&#8217;s position was, &#8220;Instead of asking why a certain arrangementof leaves is especially advantageous to a plant, he tried to showthat it was a natural consequence of the process by which theleaves are produced.&#8221;  </p>
<p> He was using a very precise mathematical approach to the problem. This gives some insight into his strong belief in the close relationbetween nature and math.  Turing&#8217;s ultimate goal was to mergealready established biological theory with mathematics and computersto create his intelligent, multi-purpose machine.  He saw thedevelopment of these leaves as nothing more than a simple setof steps, an algorithm.  This matched the basic concept of his&#8217;Turing Machine.&#8217;</p>
<p> Turing died on June 7, 1954 from what the medical examiners describedas, &#8220;self-administered potassium cyanide while in a momentof mental imbalance.&#8221;  Other reasons for his death have surfaced. His mother claimed that he used to experiment with householdchemicals, trying to create new substances and became careless. Others claim he was homosexual and killed himself to preventembarrassment.</p>
<p> Whatever the reason for his death, Turing was truly one of thegreat forerunners in the field of computers.  Today&#8217;s computerscientists still refer to his papers.  The concept of the algorithmlies at the heart of every computer program for any type of digitalcomputer.  It is very conceivable that his idea of thinking machinesby the year 2000 is not too far from the truth.</p>
<hr />
<p><u>Bibliography</u> <br />Cortada, James W. <i>Historical Dictionary of Data Processing</i> Greenwood Press, 1987, New York pp. 249-253 </p>
<p>Crockett, Larry J. <i>The Turing Test and the Frame Problem</i> Ablex Publishing Company,  1994,  New Jersey. </p>
<p>Hinsley, F. H., Alan Stripp. <i>Codebreakers</i> Oxford University Press,  1993,  New York </p>
<p>Hodges, Andrew. <i>Alan Turing: The Enigma</i>, Simon &amp; Schuster,1983, New York. </p>
<p>Lee, J.A.N. <i>Computer Pioneers</i>, IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA, 1995.</p>
<p>Saunders, P.T., <i>Morphogenesis</i> Elsevier Science Publishers,  1992,  New York.</p>
<p>Williams, Michael R. <i>A History of Computing Technology,</i>Prentice Hall, 1985, Englewood Cliffs, NJ pp. 290-292, 338. </p>
<hr />
<p>Copyright John M. Kowalik, 1995.</p>
<p><a href="http://ei.cs.vt.edu/%7Ehistory/Turing.html">Alan Mathison Turing</a></p>
<p></p>
<br /><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/categories/thodaworld.wordpress.com/39/" /> <img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/tags/thodaworld.wordpress.com/39/" /> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gocomments/thodaworld.wordpress.com/39/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/comments/thodaworld.wordpress.com/39/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godelicious/thodaworld.wordpress.com/39/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/delicious/thodaworld.wordpress.com/39/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gofacebook/thodaworld.wordpress.com/39/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/facebook/thodaworld.wordpress.com/39/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gotwitter/thodaworld.wordpress.com/39/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/twitter/thodaworld.wordpress.com/39/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gostumble/thodaworld.wordpress.com/39/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/stumble/thodaworld.wordpress.com/39/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godigg/thodaworld.wordpress.com/39/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/digg/thodaworld.wordpress.com/39/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/goreddit/thodaworld.wordpress.com/39/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/reddit/thodaworld.wordpress.com/39/" /></a> <img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=thodaworld.wordpress.com&amp;blog=16514&amp;post=39&amp;subd=thodaworld&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://thodaworld.wordpress.com/2005/12/15/people-and-pioneers-alan-mathison-turing/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
	
		<media:content url="http://0.gravatar.com/avatar/407bfd8dc5f921caa4b9cdd9bf3c89ae?s=96&#38;d=identicon&#38;r=G" medium="image">
			<media:title type="html">thodaworld</media:title>
		</media:content>

		<media:content url="http://ei.cs.vt.edu/%7Ehistory/TURING.GIF" medium="image" />

		<media:content url="http://ei.cs.vt.edu/%7Ehistory/ENIGMA_S.GIF" medium="image" />
	</item>
	</channel>
</rss>
